Racial Minority Doulas' Perceptions of Hospital Team-Based Care.

Introduction: Doulas are skilled paraprofessionals who provide supportive care to pregnant women and birthing people resulting in improved outcomes. However, conflicts persist between health care providers and doulas in hospital-based maternity care teams. Few studies have addressed this phenomenon from the doulas' perspective, particularly doulas from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds.

Provider and Parent Perspectives on Pediatric Screening for Research on Early Life Adversity.

Growing evidence links early life adversity (ELA), including Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and unpredictability, to disrupted health and development. This knowledge has led to increased screening for ELA in primary care settings and provided new opportunities to further research associations between ELA and health. It is imperative to ensure that research on ELA and ELA screening is intentionally inclusive of populations traditionally underrepresented in research, especially given disproportionate rates of exposure to ELA among racially and ethnically minoritized and low-income communities.

Pediatric Educational Discussion Scenarios: Reflect, Inspire, Support, and Empower (PEDS-RISE)-A Difficult Patient Encounter Video Scenario.

Introduction: Difficult patient encounters can lead to burnout and stress in health care workers. Limited training exists to teach residents communication and coping skills needed for dealing with difficult patient encounters.

Methods: We developed a 1-hour virtual video-case scenario workshop to teach communication skills and coping strategies to first-year pediatric residents.

Contribution of an under-recognized adversity to child health risk: large-scale, population-based ACEs screening.

Background And Objectives: Whereas adverse early life experiences (ACEs) correlate with cognitive, emotional and physical health at the population level, existing ACEs screens are only weakly predictive of outcomes for an individual child. This raises the possibility that important elements of the early-life experiences that drive vulnerability and resilience are not being captured. We previously demonstrated that unpredictable parental and household signals constitute an ACE with cross-cultural relevance.

California provider and advocate perspectives about opportunities to optimize nutrition services and resources in the first 1000 days.

Background: Nutrition in the first 1000 days of life, from conception to age 2 years, plays a critical role in shaping offspring's physical and mental development, yet many families from underserved backgrounds suffer from nutrition inequity during this important stage of development. The objective of this study is to assess nutrition services and resources provided to families during the first 1000 days across diverse settings in California.

Methods: A semistructured survey was disseminated to healthcare and educational providers who offer services to pregnant and/or postpartum women and children up to age 2 years.

Upholding our PROMISE: Increased representation is not enough to foster belonging in graduate medical education.

Purpose: Sense of belonging supports academic achievement and encourages career endurance. The purpose of this study was to characterize what individual and institutional factors influence one's sense of belonging by describing the experiences of underrepresented in medicine (UIM) paediatric and internal medicine-paediatric residents in the United States.

Method: The authors conducted a national survey of paediatric and internal medicine-paediatric residents.

Leveraging the science of early life predictability to inform policies promoting child health.

Addressing the tremendous burden of early-life adversity requires constructive dialogues between scientists and policy makers to improve population health. Whereas dialogues focused on several aspects of early-life adversity have been initiated, discussion of an underrecognized form of adversity that has been observed across multiple contexts and cultures is only now emerging. Here we provide evidence for "why unpredictability?", including: 1.

Upholding Our PROMISE: Underrepresented in Medicine Pediatric Residents' Perspectives on Interventions to Promote Belonging.

Purpose: Underrepresented in medicine (UIM) residents experience challenges during training that threaten their sense of belonging in medicine; therefore, residency programs should intentionally implement interventions to promote belonging. This study explored UIM pediatric residents' perspectives on current residency program measures designed to achieve this goal.

Method: The authors conducted a secondary qualitative analysis as part of a national cross-sectional study, PROmoting Med-ed Insight into Supportive Environments (PROMISE), which explored pediatric residents' experiences and perspectives during training in relation to their self-identities.

Physical Activity Counseling and Documentation by Pediatric Residents in Primary Care: Before and After Introduction of the FITT Principle.

Physician training on physical activity (PA) counseling in patient care is highly variable. The objective of this study was to improve PA counseling by pediatric residents through introduction of the four components of PA, called the FITT principle (frequency, intensity, time, type). Pediatric residents (=30) received lectures, curriculum content, and an electronic smart-phrase addressing PA in obesity, including the FITT principle.

Variations in Maternal Factors and Preterm Birth Risk among Non-Hispanic Black, White, and Mixed-Race Black/White Women in the United States, 2017.

Objective: This study aims to compare preterm birth (PTB) risk and maternal factors associated with PTB among non-Hispanic White, Black, and mixed-race Black/White women in the United States.

Methods: In this study, we used U.S.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine testing and trials in the pediatric population: biologic, ethical, research, and implementation challenges.

As the nation implements SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in adults at an unprecedented scale, it is now essential to focus on the prospect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations in pediatric populations. To date, no children younger than 12 years have been enrolled in clinical trials. Key challenges and knowledge gaps that must be addressed include (1) rationale for vaccines in children, (2) possible effects of immune maturation during childhood, (3) ethical concerns, (4) unique needs of children with developmental disorders and chronic conditions, (5) health inequities, and (6) vaccine hesitancy.

Body composition and neuromotor development in the year after NICU discharge in premature infants.

Background: Hypothesis: neuromotor development correlates to body composition over the first year of life in prematurely born infants and can be influenced by enhancing motor activity.

Methods: Forty-six female and 53 male infants [27 ± 1.8 (sd) weeks] randomized to comparison or exercise group (caregiver provided 15-20 min daily of developmentally appropriate motor activities) completed the year-long study.

A School-Based Intervention Using Health Mentors to Address Childhood Obesity by Strengthening School Wellness Policy.

Purpose And Objectives: The objective of our study was to strengthen wellness policy in Title 1 schools by implementing a mentored behavior-change model that extends the continuum of care from academic to community settings and mobilizes existing public resources in accordance with US Preventive Services Task Force screening guidelines for childhood obesity management.

Intervention Approach: Team Kid POWER! (KiPOW!) health mentors (students and trainees in medical and health-related fields) in 2 geographically and demographically distinct school districts, the District of Columbia and Orange County, California, delivered standardized health curricular modules to fifth grade classrooms, modeled healthy eating behaviors during school lunchtime, and engaged in active play at recess.

Evaluation Methods: Initial interventions in the the District of Columbia and Orange County delivered 10 sessions in which all participants received the intervention.

Development of the Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity Scale (PPPAS): Results from two studies with parents of infants and toddlers.

Physical activity (PA) is important from birth to promote health and motor development. Parents of young children are gatekeepers of opportunities for PA, yet little is known about their perceptions of PA. We describe the development of the Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity Scale (PPPAS) across two studies (N = 241 parents).

Measuring Maternal Behaviors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

One of the most important considerations in designing clinical infant research studies is the selection of reliable and valid measurement procedures. Few measures of caregiver-child interactions have been studied with newborns, particularly premature infants. The main objective of this study was to examine psychometric properties of the NICHD Mother-Child Interaction Qualitative Ratings in a sample of premature infants and their mothers to evaluate its use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

Cultural understanding, experiences, barriers, and facilitators of healthcare providers when providing preconception counseling to adolescent Latinas with diabetes.

Background: Latinas are at a higher risk than Caucasians for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (DM), as well as DM-associated reproductive health (RH) complications. Healthcare providers (HCPs) should deliver culturally-sensitive care to enhance the care relationship between Latinos and HCPs and to improve patient outcomes. This study explored an expert panel's cultural understanding, experiences, barriers, and facilitators regarding RH and preconception counseling (PC) for adolescent Latinas with DM and their families.

Assessing Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity in Families of Toddlers With Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity Scale (PPPAS).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine a new tool (PPPAS = Parent Perceptions of Physical Activity Scale-Preschool) developed to study parental perceptions of physical activity (PA) among parents of toddler and preschool age children.

Method: 143 children (mean age 31.65 months; 75% male) and their parents were recruited from a neurodevelopmental clinic.

Characteristics Associated With Adding Cereal Into the Bottle Among Immigrant Mother-Infant Dyads of Low Socioeconomic Status and Hispanic Ethnicity.

Objective: Determine maternal and infant characteristics associated with adding cereal into the bottle.

Design: Secondary data analysis.

Participants: Study participants were immigrant, low-income, urban mother-infant dyads (n = 216; 91% Hispanic, 19% US-born) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial entitled the Bellevue Project for Early Language, Literacy and Education Success.

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Children and Adolescents with High Body Mass Index.

Consensus has yet to be achieved on whether obesity is inexorably tied to poor fitness. We tested the hypothesis that appropriate reference of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables to lean body mass (LBM) would eliminate differences in fitness between high-BMI (≥ 95th percentile, n = 72, 50% female) and normal-BMI (< 85th percentile, n = 142, 49% female), otherwise-healthy children and adolescents typically seen when referencing body weight. We measured body composition with dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and CPET variables from cycle ergometry using both peak values and submaximal exercise slopes (peak VO2, ΔVO2/ΔHR, ΔWR/ΔHR, ΔVO2/ΔWR, and ΔVE/ΔVCO2).