Cellular nitro-oxidative burden and survival through regulated cell death in the plants.

Throughout the life of a plant, generations of different forms of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) are derived as a by-product of metabolic events. The quantum of ROS and RNS becomes higher once a plant encounters a perturbed situation either through biotic or abiotic factor. As each of reactive species is harmful to the cells beyond certain optimal level, it requires a mechanism to detoxify RONS induced cellular toxicity.

Recent progress in CRISPR-Cas-system for neurological disorders.

Different neurological diseases including, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases extant momentous global disease burdens, affecting millions of lives for imposing a heavy disease burden on the healthcare systems. Despite various treatment strategies aimed at alleviating symptoms, treatments remain elusive and ineffective due to the disease's complexity. However, recent advancements in gene therapy via the CRISPR-Cas system offer ground-breaking and targeted treatment options.

Aging: Epigenetic modifications.

Aging is one of the most complex and irreversible health conditions characterized by continuous decline in physical/mental activities that eventually poses an increased risk of several diseases and ultimately death. These conditions cannot be ignored by anyone but there are evidences that suggest that exercise, healthy diet and good routines may delay the Aging process significantly. Several studies have demonstrated that Epigenetics plays a key role in Aging and Aging-associated diseases through methylation of DNA, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncRNA).

Paper disc interfaced Prussian blue nanocube modified immunodevice for electrochemical detection of diverse biomarker at point of care.

The detection of specific biomarkers is used in various phases of the diagnosis of plant and human diseases, from prognosis to monitoring. Herein, we report a Prussian blue nanocube-modified immunodevice interfaced with a paper disc for the detection of plant biomarkers via streptavidin-biotin recognition. The detection ability of the immunodevice was assessed using Potato virus X as a model biomarker and analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Increased Predictive Accuracy of Multi-Environment Genomic Prediction Model for Yield and Related Traits in Spring Wheat ( L.).

Genomic selection (GS) has the potential to improve the selection gain for complex traits in crop breeding programs from resource-poor countries. The GS model performance in multi-environment (ME) trials was assessed for 141 advanced breeding lines under four field environments cross-predictions. We compared prediction accuracy (PA) of two GS models with or without accounting for the environmental variation on four quantitative traits of significant importance, i.

Elucidating SNP-based genetic diversity and population structure of advanced breeding lines of bread wheat ( L).

Genetic diversity and population structure information are crucial for enhancing traits of interest and the development of superlative varieties for commercialization. The present study elucidated the population structure and genetic diversity of 141 advanced wheat breeding lines using single nucleotide polymorphism markers. A total of 14,563 high-quality identified genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) markers were distributed covering 13.

New QTLs for Spot Blotch Disease Resistance in Wheat ( L.) Using Genome-Wide Association Mapping.

Spot blotch disease caused by is a major constraint for wheat production in tropics and subtropics. The introgression of spot blotch resistance alleles to the disease susceptible lines is critical to securing the wheat production in these regions. Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for spot blotch were attempted earlier, the present study focused on identifying new quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for spot blotch under natural disease pressure in diverse field conditions.

AGE-RAGE synergy influences programmed cell death signaling to promote cancer.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed as a result of non-enzymatic reaction between the free reducing sugars and proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids. AGEs are predominantly synthesized during chronic hyperglycemic conditions or aging. AGEs interact with their receptor RAGE and activate various sets of genes and proteins of the signal transduction pathway.

Salt induced programmed cell death in rice: evidence from chloroplast proteome signature.

Soil salinity, depending on its intensity, drives a challenged plant either to death, or survival with compromised productivity. On exposure to moderate salinity, plants can often survive by sacrificing some of their cells 'in target' following a route called programmed cell death (PCD). In animals, PCD has been well characterised, and involvement of mitochondria in the execution of PCD events has been unequivocally proven.

Execution of programmed cell death by singlet oxygen generated inside the chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Absorption of excess excitation energy induces overproduction of singlet oxygen (O) in plants. The major sources of singlet oxygen production are chlorophyll and its intermediates located in the chloroplast. Over-accumulation of the chlorophyll biosynthetic intermediate protochlorophyllide by the exogenous application of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the precursor of tetrapyrrole, induced singlet oxygen production in the plastidic membranes.

"Programmed Cell Death: A Process of Death for Survival" - How Far Terminology Pertinent for Cell Death in Unicellular Organisms.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is genetically regulated phenomenon of selective elimination of target cells that are either under pathological conditions or unwanted for organism's normal growth and development due to other reasons. The process although being genetically controlled is physiological in nature that renders some hallmarks like blebs in the cell membrane, lobe formation in nuclear membrane, DNA nicks resulting to DNA ladder of 200 bp, and downstream activation of caspases. Moreover, as the process refers to the death of "targeted cell", the term is exclusively suitable for multicellular organisms.

Photo-modulation of programmed cell death in rice leaves triggered by salinity.

In this paper we provide evidence for involvement of chloroplast as alternate organelle for initiating PCD in plants under light and abiotic stress. In animals, mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and key executioner of programmed cell death (PCD). In plants, however, the primary site of generation of ROS is chloroplast and yet its involvement in PCD has not been worked out in details.

Salinity-induced inhibition of growth in the aquatic pteridophyte Azolla microphylla primarily involves inhibition of photosynthetic components and signaling molecules as revealed by proteome analysis.

Salinity stress causes adverse physiological and biochemical changes in the growth and productivity of a plant. Azolla, a symbiotic pteridophyte and potent candidate for biofertilizer due to its nitrogen fixation ability, shows reduced growth and nitrogen fixation during saline stress. To better understand regulatory components involved in salinity-induced physiological changes, in the present study, Azolla microphylla plants were exposed to NaCl (6.

Ectopic expression of PgRab7 in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) results in differential tolerance at the vegetative and seed setting stage during salinity and drought stress.

In this work, we have overexpressed a vesicle trafficking protein, Rab7, from a stress-tolerant plant, Pennisetum glaucum, in a high-yielding but stress-sensitive rice variety Pusa Basmati-1 (PB-1). The transgenic rice plants were tested for tolerance against salinity and drought stress. The transgenic plants showed considerable tolerance at the vegetative stage against both salinity (200 mM NaCl) and drought stress (up to 12 days after withdrawing water).

Programmed cell death in plants: A chloroplastic connection.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral cellular program by which targeted cells culminate to demise under certain developmental and pathological conditions. It is essential for controlling cell number, removing unwanted diseased or damaged cells and maintaining the cellular homeostasis. The details of PCD process has been very well elucidated and characterized in animals but similar understanding of the process in plants has not been achieved rather the field is still in its infancy that sees some sporadic reports every now and then.

An Elicitor from Botrytis cinerea Induces the Hypersensitive Response in Arabidopsis thaliana and Other Plants and Promotes the Gray Mold Disease.

ABSTRACT Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that infects over 200 plant species. Previous studies showed that host cells collapse in advance of the hyphae, suggesting secretion of toxins or elicitors. We have partially characterized elicitor activity from intercellular fluid extracted from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves infected with B.

Rapid transmission of oxidative and nitrosative stress signals from roots to shoots in Arabidopsis.

Protein kinases play a central role in signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes. A highly conserved group of kinases, termed mitogen-activated-protein kinases (MAPKs) was shown to mediate many diverse stress responses. In plants, MAPKs were shown to function in resistance responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses.

Induction of salt and osmotic stress tolerance by overexpression of an intracellular vesicle trafficking protein AtRab7 (AtRabG3e).

Adaptation to stress requires removal of existing molecules from various cellular compartments and replacing them with new ones. The transport of materials to and from the specific compartments involved in the recycling and deposition of macromolecules is carried out by an intracellular vesicle trafficking system. Here, we report the isolation of a vesicle trafficking-regulating gene, AtRabG3e (formerly AtRab7), from Arabidopsis.

Protective role of exogenous polyamines on salinity-stressed rice (Oryza sativa) plants.

Salt-tolerant Pokkali rice plants accumulate higher polyamines (PAs) such as spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) in response to salinity stress, while the sensitive cultivarM-1-48 is unable to maintain high titres of these PAs under similar conditions. The effects of the triamine Spd and the tetramine Spm on physiological and biochemical changes in 12-day-old rice seedlings were investigated during salinity stress to determine whether they could protect the sensitive plants from stress effects. At physiological concentrations Spd and Spm significantly prevented the leakage of electrolytes and amino acids from roots and shoots induced by salinity stress.

Oxidative stress increased respiration and generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in ATP depletion, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition, and programmed cell death.

Mitochondria constitute a major source of reactive oxygen species and have been proposed to integrate the cellular responses to stress. In animals, it was shown that mitochondria can trigger apoptosis from diverse stimuli through the opening of MTP, which allows the release of the apoptosis-inducing factor and translocation of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Here, we analyzed the role of the mitochondria in the generation of oxidative burst and induction of programmed cell death in response to brief or continuous oxidative stress in Arabidopsis cells.