Mapping Alzheimer's disease pathology using free water through integrated analysis of plasma biomarkers, microstructural DTI metrics, and macrostructural MRI measures.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau pathologies that drive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Free water (FW), a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metric reflecting extracellular fluid changes, has emerged as a sensitive marker of neuroinflammation. This study examined the role of FW in AD and its associations with plasma biomarkers, brain structural measures, and cognitive decline.

How best to combine DWI and T2WI to predict pathologic complete response: a multi-center study on interpreting MRI following chemoradiotherapy of rectal cancer.

Objectives: To explore the different criteria of integrating diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) of rectal cancer on post-chemoradiotherapy (CRT) MRI.

Materials And Methods: In this multi-center retrospective study, five radiologists reviewed pre- and post-CRT MRIs of patients with rectal cancer diagnosed in 2017-2021. In addition to mrTRG, three criteria were assessed: "AND" criterion (mrTRG 1-2 and absence of DWI restriction considered as CR), "OR" criterion (mrTRG 1-2 or absence of restriction), and a modified MR tumor regression grade (modMR-TRG).

Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of simple hepatic cyst: Clinical practice guideline.

Simple hepatic cysts are now diagnosed in over 8,000 individuals annually in South Korea, largely due to the widespread adoption of medical check-ups and advancements in imaging techniques. However, no appropriate clinical practice guideline has been established to address this condition. While international guidelines have recently been published, differences in clinical and epidemiological contexts have highlighted the need for a tailored guideline to assist domestic clinicians.

Fast MRI Techniques of the Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Tract: Overview and Application.

In liver and pancreatobiliary MRI, mitigating respiratory motion-related artifacts has always been a major challenge in image acquisition. Motion reduction by breathing control schemes or scan time acceleration by k-space undersampling are two accessible approaches in clinical imaging. Parallel imaging is an indispensable everyday technique with well-known characteristics, but with drawbacks that limit acceleration factors to ≤4.

Evaluation of the LI-RADS radiation treatment response assessment v2024 in comparison with the modified RECIST.

Objectives: Conventional radiologic response criteria inadequately address imaging features and delayed responses after radiation-based therapies, limiting clinical decisions. This study evaluated treatment response to radiation-based locoregional therapies using modified RECIST (mRECIST), LI-RADS treatment response algorithm (LR-TRA) v2017, and radiation LR-TRA v2024, assessed changes in response categories during follow-up, and evaluated their association with overall survival (OS).

Materials And Methods: This single-center retrospective study included consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial radioembolization or external beam radiation therapy between 2011 and 2023.

Double low-dose abdominopelvic CT for acute appendicitis: early exploratory analysis on image quality and diagnostic performance.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of a standardized double low-dose CT (DLCT) protocol that simultaneously reduces both iodine contrast media (CM) dose and tube voltage, and to compare its image quality and diagnostic performance with a single low-dose CT (SLCT) protocol using fixed iodine dose and reduced tube voltage, representative of institutional low-radiation dose imaging practice in suspected acute appendicitis.

Methods: In this exploratory analysis of a prospective single-arm study, 49 participants aged 18-44 years presenting to the emergency department (ED) with suspected acute appendicitis underwent DLCT using automated kVp selection and a kVp- and weight-adjusted CM dosing protocol. This protocol targeted a 10% iodine dose reduction for every 10 kVp decrease from a reference standard of 0.

Imaging of surgical bed complications after prostatectomy and radiation therapy.

Radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy, which are standard treatments for prostate cancer, are associated with various short- and long-term complications. Early post-prostatectomy complications include bleeding, vesicourethral anastomotic dehiscence, and anorectal injury, while late sequelae include urinary incontinence, anastomotic stenosis, urinary strictures and fistulas, osteomyelitis, and cancer recurrence. Radiation therapy can lead to bladder and bowel toxicity and, in rare cases, secondary malignancies.

Using machine learning to identify Parkinson's disease severity subtypes with multimodal data.

Background: Classifying and predicting Parkinson's disease (PD) is challenging because of its diverse subtypes based on severity levels. Currently, identifying objective biomarkers associated with disease severity that can distinguish PD subtypes in clinical trials is necessary. This study aims to address the clinical applicability and heterogeneity of PD using PD severity subtypes classification and digital biomarker development by combining objective multimodal data with machine learning (ML) approaches.

Whole-genome sequencing analyses suggest novel genetic factors associated with Alzheimer's disease and a cumulative effects model for risk liability.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) have predominantly focused on identifying common variants in Europeans. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 1,559 individuals from a Korean AD cohort to identify various genetic variants and biomarkers associated with AD. Our GWAS analysis identified a previously unreported locus for common variants (APCDD1) associated with AD.

Conversion of Mixed-Language Free-Text CT Reports of Pancreatic Cancer to National Comprehensive Cancer Network Structured Reporting Templates by Using GPT-4.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of generative pre-trained transformer-4 (GPT-4) in generating structured reports (SRs) from mixed-language (English and Korean) narrative-style CT reports for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and to assess its accuracy in categorizing PDCA resectability.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study included consecutive free-text reports of pancreas-protocol CT for staging PDAC, from two institutions, written in English or Korean from January 2021 to December 2023. Both the GPT-4 Turbo and GPT-4o models were provided prompts along with the free-text reports via an application programming interface and tasked with generating SRs and categorizing tumor resectability according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines version 2.

Cross-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies implications of SORL1 in cerebral beta-amyloid deposition.

GWAS of Alzheimer's disease have been predominantly based on European ancestry cohorts with clinically diagnosed patients. Increasing the ancestral diversity of GWAS and focusing on imaging brain biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease may lead to the identification of new genetic loci. Here, we perform a GWAS on cerebral β-amyloid deposition measured by PET imaging in 3,885 East Asians and a cross-ancestry GWAS meta-analysis with data from 11,816 European participants.

Deep Learning-Accelerated Non-Contrast Abbreviated Liver MRI for Detecting Malignant Focal Hepatic Lesions: Dual-Center Validation.

Objective: To compare a deep learning (DL)-accelerated non-enhanced abbreviated MRI (AMRI) protocol with standard AMRI (AMRI) of the liver in terms of image quality and malignant focal lesion detection.

Materials And Methods: This retrospective study included 155 consecutive patients (110 male; mean age 62.4 ± 11 years) from two sites who underwent standard liver MRI and additional AMRI sequences, specifically DL-accelerated single-shot fast-spin echo (SSFSE) and DL-accelerated diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

Stress and Hypertension Among African American Female Family Caregivers of Persons Living With Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias: Protocol for a Pilot Internet-Based Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Caregivers of persons with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) neglect their health, including by ignoring stress levels. African American women are vulnerable and susceptible to hypertension. Chronic caregiving stress and hypertension place them at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

Hounsfield unit change in metastatic abdominal lymph nodes treated with combined hyperthermia and radiotherapy.

Objective: Hyperthermia has been safely employed in conjunction with low to moderate doses of radiotherapy (RT) to achieve notable tumor responses in cases of previously treated and recurrent malignancies. However, the radiologic monitoring of combined hyperthermia and RT (HTRT) is not extensively documented. This study aimed to assess radiological changes, including alterations in Hounsfield units (HU), in patients undergoing treatment with either HTRT or RT alone for metastatic abdominal lymph nodes.

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Its Association With Cancer-Related Symptoms: A Scoping Review.

Background: Cancer-related symptoms have negative impacts on the health outcomes of adults with cancer. Thus, it is critical to identify who might be at risk. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) could be the major contributor for cancer-related symptoms; however, this relationship is understudied in the context of cancer.

Performance of the automated digital cell image analyzer UIMD PBIA in white blood cell classification: a comparative study with sysmex DI-60.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of PBIA (UIMD, Seoul, Republic of Korea), an automated digital morphology analyzer using deep learning, for white blood cell (WBC) classification in peripheral blood smears and compare it with the widely used DI-60 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan).

Methods: A total of 461 slides were analyzed using PBIA and DI-60. For each instrument, pre-classification performance was evaluated on the basis of post-classification results verified by users.

Machine learning for early detection and severity classification in people with Parkinson's disease.

Early detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) and accurate assessment of disease progression are critical for optimizing treatment and rehabilitation. However, there is no consensus on how to effectively detect early-stage PD and classify motor symptom severity using gait analysis. This study evaluated the accuracy of machine learning models in classifying early and moderate-stages of PD based on spatiotemporal gait features at different walking speeds.

Prognostic significance of combined PD-L1 expression in malignant and infiltrating cells in hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab and bevacizumab.

Background: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is abundant not only in malignant cells but also in infiltrating cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study explored the association between PD-L1 expression in TME and outcomes in HCC patients treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (AB), emphasizing the implications of PD-L1 expression in both malignant and tumor-infiltrating cells.

Methods: This study included 72 patients with HCC who underwent percutaneous core needle liver biopsy before AB treatment between September 2020 and December 2023.

Brain Metabolic Resilience in Alzheimer's Disease: A Predictor of Cognitive Decline and Conversion to Dementia.

Objective: Brain atrophy measured by structural imaging has been used to quantify resilience against neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Considering glucose hypometabolism is another marker of neurodegeneration, we quantified metabolic resilience (MR) based on Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) and investigated its clinical implications.

Methods: We quantified the MR and other resilience metrics, including brain resilience (BR) and cognitive resilience (CR), using partial least squares path modeling from the ADNI database.

Fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: a single institution-based study of 29 patients by clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and genetic approaches.

Fumarate hydratase (FH)-deficient renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a renal neoplasm associated with FH loss, aggressive behaviour, and poor survival. We present a histopathological and immunohistochemical overview of FH-deficient RCC to infer significant features for its differential diagnosis. In this study, FH-deficient RCC tissue samples from patients who underwent surgical resection or biopsy at a single institution between July 1995 and August 2022 were reviewed by conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and whole genome analyses.

Survey of Experts' Opinions on the Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms.

Objective: To survey experts' opinions in abdominal radiology (radiologists) and pancreas-specialized gastroenterology (pancreatologists) in South Korea regarding diagnosing and managing pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs).

Materials And Methods: Between August 25, 2023, and October 5, 2023, an online survey was conducted among members of the Korean Society of Abdominal Radiology and the Korean Pancreatobiliary Association via email invitation.

Results: The responses from 100 radiologists and 41 pancreatologists were analyzed.

A Multicenter Study on Hepatocellular Adenomas in Korea: Clinicopathological and Imaging Features With an Emphasis on β-Catenin Mutated Subtype.

Background & Aims: The clinicopathologic and imaging features of hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) in Asian population remain unclear. We aimed to analyse clinicopathologic and imaging features of HCAs in Korea and propose an imaging-based method to differentiate β-catenin mutated HCA (βHCA) from other subtypes.

Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included pathologically confirmed HCAs from three tertiary institutions in Korea between 2010 and 2023.

Loneliness Gets Under the Skin: A Scoping Review Exploring the Link Between Loneliness and Biological Measures of Inflammation.

Background: Research suggests that systemic inflammation may link loneliness to adverse health outcomes, yet there is a gap in comprehensively reviewing recent evidence on the relationship between loneliness and biological measures of inflammation in adults. This scoping review synthesizes current research to address the question: Is there a definitive link between loneliness and biological markers of inflammation in adults?

Methods: Following the methods outlined by Arksey and O'Malley, we developed a protocol, defined our research question, and systematically searched PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus for English-language studies conducted from 2018 to 2023 exploring the relationship between loneliness and biomarkers of inflammation in adults.

Results: Twelve studies meeting the inclusion criteria displayed heterogeneity in terms of sample characteristics, loneliness scales, and inflammatory biomarkers.