COVID-19 delirium versus non-COVID-19 delirium in Iran: a computational approach.

Background: Delirium is an acute condition marked by disturbances in cognition, awareness, and attention, commonly observed in hospitalized patients due to factors such as illness severity and medication. It is particularly prevalent in intensive care unit settings, affecting up to 80% of ventilated patients. This study investigates whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) delirium aligns with expectations of non-COVID-19 delirium incidence in other hospitalized patients and identifies unique or common factors contributing to delirium in these groups.

Impaired Interference Control in Individuals With Internet Addiction: Evidence From Event-Related Potentials and Brain Oscillations.

Individuals with Internet addiction disorder (IAD) exhibit deficits in cognitive control, particularly in interference control; however, the behavioural and neural mechanisms underlying these impairments remain unclear. In this study, classic and modified Stroop tasks were administered to individuals with IAD and healthy control (HC) participants, whereas electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. We hypothesized that individuals with IAD would demonstrate impaired interference control, as evidenced by longer reaction times (RTs) on incongruent trials and that these behavioural deficits would be accompanied by reduced ERP activity in both early and late medial frontal negativity (MFN) components, as well as diminished conflict slow potential (SP).

Differential cognitive and clinical improvements in Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder following hospitalization: A comparative analysis based on the Clock Drawing Test.

Background: Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder with psychotic features (BDP) are psychiatric disorders with significant impact on affected individuals. However, research comparing cognitive impairments between these groups is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in cognitive function based on the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) among hospitalized SCZ and BDP patients and its association with positive and negative symptoms.

Interference Control Under the Stroop Task and Brain Oscillatory Activity among Internet Addicts Compared to Non-addicts.

Introduction: It is common for individuals with internet addiction disorder (IAD) to demonstrate impairments in interference and inhibitory control. A primary objective of this study was to explore how interference control is related to event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) and whether participants with IAD experience changes in these spectral dynamics.

Methods: Twenty-one IAD participants and 20 healthy controls (HCs) were administered a Stroop task while their brains' electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded.

Moral decision-making is altered in patients with schizophrenia.

Introduction: Previous research suggests patients with schizophrenia have altered decision-making when presented with philosophical moral scenarios. However, not much is known about everyday moral decision-making in patients, which can be more relevant to their real-life social functioning.

Methods: 32 patients with schizophrenia and 32 control subjects were investigated using everyday moral vignettes.

Uncertain choices with asymmetric information: how clear evidence and ambiguity interact?

Real-world decisions often involve partial ambiguity, where the complete picture of potential risks is unclear. In such situations, individuals must make choices by balancing the value of available information against the uncertainty of unknown risks. Our study investigates this challenge by examining how people navigate the trade-off between the favorability of limited evidence and the degree of ambiguity when making decisions under partial ambiguity.

Peer-mediated Social Signals Alter Risk Tolerance in Teenage Boys Depending on their Peers.

Introduction: During early adolescence, peer influences play a crucial role in shaping learning and decision preferences. When teens observe what their peers are doing, they can learn and change their behavior, especially when they are taking risks. Our study incorporated an economical behavioral task and computational modeling framework to examine whether and how early male adolescents' risk attitudes change when they see information about their peers' choices.

Comparing experience- and description-based economic preferences across 11 countries.

Recent evidence indicates that reward value encoding in humans is highly context dependent, leading to suboptimal decisions in some cases, but whether this computational constraint on valuation is a shared feature of human cognition remains unknown. Here we studied the behaviour of n = 561 individuals from 11 countries of markedly different socioeconomic and cultural makeup. Our findings show that context sensitivity was present in all 11 countries.

Association of verbal and non-verbal theory of mind abilities with non-coding variants of OXTR in youth with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing individuals: a case-control study.

Background: The ability to attribute mental states to others is called theory of mind (ToM) and is a substantial component of social cognition. This ability is abnormally developed in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several studies over the past decade have identified the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and its variants as promising components for explaining the molecular mechanisms underlying Theory of Mind (ToM).

Outcome context-dependence is not WEIRD: Comparing reinforcement- and description-based economic preferences worldwide.

Recent evidence indicates that reward value encoding in humans is highly context-dependent, leading to suboptimal decisions in some cases. But whether this computational constraint on valuation is a shared feature of human cognition remains unknown. To address this question, we studied the behavior of individuals from across 11 countries of markedly different socioeconomic and cultural makeup using an experimental approach that reliably captures context effects in reinforcement learning.

Limits on using the clock drawing test as a measure to evaluate patients with neurological disorders.

Background: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is used as a quick-to-conduct test for the diagnosis of dementia and a screening tool for cognitive impairments in neurological disorders. However, the association between the pattern of CDT impairments and the location of brain lesions has been controversial. We examined whether there is an association between the CDT scores and the location of brain lesions using the two available scoring systems.

Chronic fatigue syndrome and cognitive deficit are associated with acute-phase neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19: A 9-month follow-up study.

The preva lence of long-COVID symptoms is rising but it is not still possible to predict which patients will present them, and which types of symptoms they will present. We followed up 95 patients with confirmed COVID-19 for 9 months to identify and characterize long-COVID symptoms. Easy fatigability was the most common symptom (51.

Neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 can be clustered in three distinct symptom categories.

Several studies have reported clinical manifestations of the new coronavirus disease. However, few studies have systematically evaluated the neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19. We reviewed the medical records of 201 patients with confirmed COVID-19 (52 outpatients and 149 inpatients) that were treated in a large referral center in Tehran, Iran from March 2019 to May 2020.

The best COVID-19 predictor is recent smell loss: a cross-sectional study.

Background: COVID-19 has heterogeneous manifestations, though one of the most common symptoms is a sudden loss of smell (anosmia or hyposmia). We investigated whether olfactory loss is a reliable predictor of COVID-19.

Methods: This preregistered, cross-sectional study used a crowdsourced questionnaire in 23 languages to assess symptoms in individuals self-reporting recent respiratory illness.

An information-based approach to handle various types of uncertainty in fuzzy bodies of evidence.

Fuzzy evidence theory, or fuzzy Dempster-Shafer Theory captures all three types of uncertainty, i.e. fuzziness, non-specificity, and conflict, which are usually contained in a piece of information within one framework.