Revolutionizing Drug Delivery: The Promise of Self-emulsifying Systems in Overcoming Bioavailability Challenges.

Introduction: The oral route is a preferred method for drug administration; however, lipophilic drugs often suffer from poor water solubility, significantly limiting their therapeutic effectiveness. Traditional approaches like complexation, micronization, and solid dispersion have been explored, but each comes with inherent limitations.

Methods: Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) have emerged as a promising strategy to address solubility challenges.

Boosting Brain Clean-Up: Can Targeting UPS Genes Offer Neuroprotection?

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in protein homeostasis within eukaryotic cells. This review article examines the UPS's role in neuronal morphology and neurodegeneration through systematic analysis of current research. In neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), UPS dysfunction contributes significantly to pathogenesis through accumulation of ubiquitinated misfolded proteins, disruption of cellular proteostasis, impaired substrate ubiquitination, and proteasomal deterioration.

Exploration of Imatinib involved in amyloidogenesis as a common foundation for type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Diabetes patients have reduced basal cognitive abilities like learning, memory, and perceptual quickness, as well as a 65 percent higher risk of acquiring AD. AD and diabetes share a number of risk factors, including elevated cholesterol, Aβ deposition, degeneration, inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiovascular diseases, dysmetabolism syndrome, τ-protein phosphorylation, glycogen synthesis kinase 3, apoptosis and apolipoprotein E4. This study explores the potential inhibitory effects of imatinib at doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg, with a particular emphasis on the role of c-Abl in amyloidogenesis, a common mechanism that underlies T2DM and AD.

Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Bridging Stress, Cognitive Decline, and Therapeutic Strategies for Neural Health.

The hippocampus plays a critical role in spatial and contextual learning, and its age-related decline significantly contributes to cognitive impairment. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), the continuous production of new neurons in the dentate gyrus, provides a unique form of structural plasticity essential for lifelong learning and memory. AHN is notably altered in various neurodegenerative and mental health disorders characterized by cognitive deficits, suggesting its crucial involvement in maintaining neuronal populations and endogenous regenerative capacity.

Parkinson's disease: exploring the systemic immune mechanisms through molecular investigations.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is mainly caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Although the pathological feature involves α-synuclein aggregation, recent findings suggest that systemic immune dysregulation is a key process in initiating and advancing the disease. This article seeks to untangle the complex molecular mechanisms that contribute to the immune response in PD, with specific emphasis on innate and adaptive immune processes.

Investigating the neuroprotective role of Synta-66 in type-2 diabetes mellitus-induced dementia in rats.

Objectives: This study explores the potential inhibitory effects of Synta-66 at doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg, with a particular emphasis on the role of ORAI-I in amyloidogenesis, a common mechanism that underlies type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: Induction of T2DM-induced AD by the high-fat diet (HFD)-Streptozotocin (STZ)-Aβ25-35 model. Assessment of behavioral parameters like polydipsia, polyphagia, Morris water maze, and passive avoidance test; biochemical estimation of glucose, insulin, oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (Cat), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), neuroinflammation (interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κβ)), Aβ level, through ELISA technique, and calcium levels via atomic absorption spectrometer.

Rethinking Parkinson's: The role of proteostasis networks and autophagy in disease progression.

Protein dyshomeostasis is identified as the hallmark of many age-related NDDs including Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder (NDD) characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, particularly α-synuclein (α-syn) leading to formation of Lewy bodies and cause degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Disruption of the cell's normal protein balance, which occurs when cells experience stress, plays a key role in causing the formation of harmful protein clumps.

Unraveling novel mechanisms of ATP-Binding cassette (ABC) transporter in insulin Resistance-induced amyloidogenesis.

Insulin resistance (IR) impairs glucose uptake and metabolism, whereas amyloidogenesis, the formation of abnormal protein aggregation, forming insoluble fibrils called amyloids, which are linked with numerous neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington disease's (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Prion's disease. This review explores how IR promotes amyloidogenesis by disrupting cholesterol homeostasis and enhancing Amyloid beta (Aβ) production and aggregation. Specifically, we examine the role of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cholesterol homeostasis along with their impact on insulin signaling pathways, highlights how their dysregulation can lead to IR, a significant contributor to the development of amyloidogenesis, a key factor in causing NDDs.

Unlocking the cellular mystery: how proton pump inhibitors may alter the dementia landscape.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have become virtually the sole class of histamine-2 receptor antagonists due to their greater effectiveness and general availability. However, concern has been increasing about long-term use and some possible neurological adverse effects, including a link with dementia. Several studies indicate that long-term use of PPIs can raise the risk for both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-Alzheimer's dementia, though there is opposing evidence.

A second act for spironolactone: cognitive benefits in renal dysfunction - a critical review.

Renal dysfunction or Chronic kidney disease (CKD) are increasingly associated with cognitive deficit and memory impairment, suggesting a crucial kidney-brain axis. This review examines spironolactone's emerging role as a neuroprotective agent in the context of renal dysfunction-induced cognitive impairment. As a selective mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, spironolactone demonstrates multifaceted protective mechanisms beyond its well established renoprotective effects.

Unravelling the role of Interleukin-12 in Neuroinflammatory mechanisms: Pathogenic pathways linking Neuroinflammation to neuropsychiatric disorders.

Neuropsychiatric disorders are clinically characterized conditions involving both neurology and psychiatry, arising from dysfunctioning of cerebral function, or indirect effects of extra cerebral disease. Neuropsychiatric disorders tend to influence emotions, mood, and brain functioning. Growing evidence indicates that the etiology of these disorders is not confined to neuronal abnormalities but extends to include inflammation.

Unravelling the role of protein kinase R (PKR) in neurodegenerative disease: a review.

Protein Kinase R is an essential regulator of many cell activities and belongs to one of the largest and most functionally complex gene families. These are found all over the body, and by adding phosphate groups to the substrate proteins, they regulate their activity and coordinate the action of almost all cellular processes. Recent research has illuminated the involvement of PKR in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), thereby expanding our understanding of intricate molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression.

A new era of cancer immunotherapy: vaccines and miRNAs.

Cancer immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape, introducing new strategies to fight various types of cancer. This review examines the important role of vaccines in cancer therapy, focusing on recent advancements such as dendritic cell vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and viral vector-based approaches. The relationship between cancer and the immune system highlights the importance of vaccines as therapeutic tools.

Revenge unraveling the fortress: Exploring anticancer drug resistance mechanisms in BC for enhanced therapeutic strategies.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent form of cancer in women worldwide and the main cause of cancer-related fatalities in females. BC can be classified into various types based on where cancer has begun to grow or spread, specific characteristics that influence how cancer behaves, and treatment choices. BC is multifaceted, and due to its diverse nature, the mechanisms involved are complex and have not yet been understood.

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Update on Emerging Pathological Mechanisms.

Diabetic Cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a notable consequence of diabetes mellitus, distinguished by cardiac dysfunction that occurs separately from coronary artery disease or hypertension. A recent study has revealed an intricate interaction of pathogenic processes that contribute to DCM. Important aspects involve the dysregulation of glucose metabolism, resulting in heightened oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function.

Aquaporin proteins: A promising frontier for therapeutic intervention in cerebral ischemic injury.

Cerebral ischemic injury is characterized by reduced blood flow to the brain, remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in therapeutic approaches, there is an urgent need to identify new targets to lessen the effects of ischemic stroke. Aquaporins, a family of water channel proteins, have recently come to light as promising candidates for therapeutic intervention in cerebral ischemic injury.

Nrf2 and Ferroptosis: Exploring Translational Avenues for Therapeutic Approaches to Neurological Diseases.

Nrf2, a crucial protein involved in defense mechanisms, particularly oxidative stress, plays a significant role in neurological diseases (NDs) by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. NDs, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, and autism, exhibit ferroptosis, iron-dependent regulated cell death resulting from lipid and iron-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Nrf2 has been shown to play a critical role in regulating ferroptosis in NDs.

Emerging targets in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): The promise of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter modulation.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative primarily affecting motor neurons, leading to disability and neuronal death, and ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter due to their role in drug efflux and modulation of various cellular pathways contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS. In this article, we extensively investigated various molecular and mechanistic pathways linking ALS transporter to the pathogenesis of ALS; this involves inflammatory pathways such as Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/Akt), Toll-Like Receptor (TLR), Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β (GSK-3β), Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NF-κB), and Cyclooxygenase (COX). Oxidative pathways such as Astrocytes, Glutamate, Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT-1), Forkhead box protein O (FOXO), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK).

Unlocking new avenues for neuropsychiatric disease therapy: the emerging potential of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as promising therapeutic targets.

Rationale: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that regulate various physiological processes such as inflammation, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that targeting PPARs could be beneficial in treating neuropsychiatric disorders by modulating neuronal function and signaling pathways in the brain. PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ have been found to play important roles in cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection.

Sirtuin dysregulation in Parkinson's disease: Implications of acetylation and deacetylation processes.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that primarily affects motor function and is caused by a gradual decline of dopaminergic neurons in the brain's substantia pars compacta (Snpc) region. Multiple molecular pathways are involved in the pathogenesis, which results in impaired cellular functions and neuronal degeneration. However, the role of sirtuins, a type of NAD-dependent deacetylase, in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has recently been investigated.

Targeting cardiovascular risk factors with eugenol: an anti-inflammatory perspective.

Inflammation is a multifaceted biological reaction to a wide range of stimuli, and it has been linked to the onset and progression of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. Inflammatory markers found in the blood, including C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6, and soluble adhesion molecules (like intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. These markers play a crucial role in understanding and assessing cardiovascular health.

Advancing the frontiers of adaptive cell therapy: A transformative mechanistic journey from preclinical to clinical settings.

Although the concept of using the patient's immune system to combat cancer has been around for a while, it is only in recent times that substantial progress has been achieved in this field. Over the last ten years, there has been a significant advancement in the treatment of cancer through immune checkpoint blockade. This treatment has been approved for multiple types of tumors.

Pharmacological modulation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways in Angiogenesis: A mechanistic perspective.

The Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling pathway is an imperative operating network that helps in regulates the critical events during the development processes like multicellular embryo growth and patterning. Disruptions in SHh pathway regulation can have severe consequences, including congenital disabilities, stem cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and cancer/tumor growth. Activation of the SHh signal occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Patch (Ptc)-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), initiating downstream signaling.

Cucurbita pepo seeds improve peripheral neuropathy in diabetic rats by modulating the inflammation and oxidative stress in rats.

Background: Cucurbita pepo (C. pepo) is cultivated and used traditionally as vegetable as well as medicine in different parts of the world. The aim of current study was to investigate the potential of C.