Machine learning-based identification of key biotic and abiotic drivers of mineral weathering rate in a complex enhanced weathering experiment.

Background: The optimization of enhanced mineral weathering as a carbon dioxide removal technology requires a comprehensive understanding of what drives mineral weathering. These drivers can be abiotic and biotic and can interact with each other. Therefore, in this study, an extensive 8-week column experiment was set up to investigate 30 potential drivers of mineral weathering simultaneously.

Catalytic Atroposelective Coumarin Alkenylation.

A novel atroposelective alkenylation of coumarins, accomplished through palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling facilitated by a transient directing group strategy, has been presented. The optimized protocol exhibits a broad scope, as demonstrated by a diverse series of examples, highlighting its versatility and efficiency in the synthesis of atropisomeric coumarin analogues. Successful scale-up synthesis further illustrates the practical application of this method.

One-Pot Sequential Knoevenagel-Aza-Annulation Strategy for the Synthesis of Peripherally Fused -Aryl-2-pyridonoporphyrins.

One-pot sequential Knoevenagel-aza-annulation pathways allowed direct access to π-conjugated peripherally fused -aryl-2-pyridonoporphyrins in appreciable yields. The unveiled cascade methodology involves a reaction between 2-formyl--tetraarylporphyrins and 3-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl/1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)--arylacrylamides, generated by treating 4-hydroxycoumarin/4-hydroxy-2-benzo[]chromen-2-one with anilines in DMF at 150 °C to afford desired porphyrins within 4 h. The SCXRD analysis of porphyrin () revealed a nonplanar structure with intramolecular π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding features.

Comparative risk of osteoporotic fractures with direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in atrial fibrillation patients: a systematic review.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasingly prevalent in the elderly population and is associated with an elevated risk of osteoporotic fractures. This systematic review aimed to compare the risk of osteoporotic fractures between direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), particularly warfarin, in patients with AF and to conduct head-to-head comparisons among different DOACs. We systematically searched literature published between January 2020 and October 2024 across multiple scientific databases.

Lyme Carditis Causing Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Cardiogenic Shock.

Background: Lyme carditis may cause complete heart block (CHB) usually at the level of the atrioventricular node, but rarely other arrhythmias.

Case Summary: A 34-year-old man presented with chest pain and shortness of breath. An electrocardiogram revealed CHB.

Replacing methanol with internally produced VFA-based carbon source for denitrification at the Henriksdal WWTP.

To meet future nitrogen removal targets, Henriksdal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) will require external carbon addition, estimated at 8 tons COD/day by 2040, due to low influent BOD/TN ratios, precipitation chemical use, and low temperatures. Methanol, the projected option, is fossil-based and contributes to indirect greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated a volatile fatty acid (VFA)-based fermentate produced from primary sludge and food waste in a 2 m mesophilic fermenter as a carbon source for denitrification.

Biomimetic Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Sustainable Wound Healing With AI/ML Insights.

Wound healing process is associated with multifaceted complications and is a functional way to advance the therapeutic process. Polymeric biomaterials exhibit structural mimicry with the extracellular matrix of the tissue to be regenerated and they also avoid chronic inflammation and immunological responses. Chitosan, a biopolymer demonstrates exceptional healing properties because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, antimicrobial nature and affinity for biomolecules.

Bifunctional Phyto-Synthesized Nano Silver for Mitigating Salinity-Induced Dormancy and Associated Fungal Infections During Seed Germination in Brassica juncea with Integration of Machine Learning-Based Predictive Modeling.

Salinity-induced dormancy associated with fungal infection during germination in plants is the major contributor to abiotic and biotic stress, leading to a loss in crop productivity. The present study has been designed to evaluate the dual functions of Cymbopogon citratus-derived silver nanoparticles (CC-AgNPs) for enhancing the germination and prevention of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275) infection in seeds of Brassica juncea. AgNPs were synthesized using the cell-free aqueous extract of C.

Neurobiological contributions to addiction: a narrative review of adolescent and adult vulnerabilities.

Background: Addiction is a multidimensional disorder largely influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, presenting distinct manifestations in adolescents and adults. At different stages of brain development, neurobiological mechanisms play a central role in the development and persistence of addictive behaviors.

Objectives: This review synthesizes recent studies indexed in Scopus, focusing on biological contributions to addiction in adolescents and adults.

Long-term impact of financial distress and mental well-being in early vs advanced oral cancer patients on the quality of life of informal caregivers: An exploratory study of a real-world cohort from LMIC.

Purpose: In low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) like India, oral cancer not only affects the patients but also imposes significant challenges on their informal caregivers. The objective of this study is to explore how the financial distress and mental well-being of early-stage compared to advanced-stage oral cancer patients impact the quality of life of their informal caregivers.

Methods: An exploratory prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in India, enrolling 79 pairs of oral cancer patients and their informal caregivers from September 2019 to March 2022.

A review of the use of oral anticoagulants in individuals with atrial fibrillation who had experienced intracranial hemorrhage in the past.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia, significantly increasing the risk of stroke and thromboembolism. Oral anticoagulants (OACs), including direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), have been shown to reduce these risks effectively. However, the administration of OACs carries a notable risk of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), a severe complication associated with high morbidity and mortality.

Unlocking Thermodynamic Enolate for Kinetically Controlled Desymmetrizing Vinylogous (4+1) Carbospiroannulation.

An unprecedented thermodynamically unfavorable (4+1) deysmmetrizing spiroannulation through a thermodynamic enolate intermediate, enabling a single-step synthesis of ubiquitous scaffolds such as all-carbon chiral spirocycles, is disclosed. In this spiroannulation, we present a vinylogous organocatalytic enantioselective desymmetrizing (4+1) cycloaddition approach involving alkylidene malononitrile and cyclopent-1,3-dienone. This carbospiroannulation method produces functionally enriched spiro[4,4]nonane structures with three stereocenters, has presented good-to-high yields and enantiomeric ratios.

Evaluation of ultrasound measured tongue thickness, tongue thickness-thyromental distance ratio, and skin-to-epiglottis distance in predicting unanticipated difficult laryngoscopy.

Background And Aims: The contemporary literature review suggests upper airway ultrasound can help us to diagnose an unanticipated difficult airway before laryngoscopy. The primary objective of this study was to compare ultrasonography (USG) and clinical airway indices across easy and difficult laryngoscopy groups.

Material And Methods: This prospective observational study included 258 patients scheduled to undergo surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation.

Polymeric Nanoparticles Revolutionizing Brain Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies and Advances.

Brain cancer continues to be one of the most formidable malignancies to manage, mainly attributable to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) limiting the permeability of drugs and the diverse characteristics of brain tumors complicating treatment. The management of brain tumors has been hampered by many different factors, including the impermeability of the BBB, which restricts the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor site, as well as intertumoral heterogeneity and the influence of brain tumor stem cells. In addition, small molecular weight drugs cannot specifically accumulate in malignant cells and have a limited circulation half-life.

Effect of low dose colchicine on long term recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation.

Background: Colchicine is commonly used early after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation to reduce inflammation and reduce AF recurrence, but there is limited long-term efficacy data.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of low dose colchicine use on long-term AF recurrence after AF ablation.

Methods: From 2013 to 2021, all AF ablations performed at a single tertiary care medical center were analyzed for colchicine use, clinical and procedural characteristics, and AF recurrence.

Level V Metastases in Node-Positive Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Beyond Level IIA and III.

Introduction: Surgical management of level V in clinically node positive (cN+) oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) is controversial. The objectives of the study were to identify predictors of level V metastases in cN+ OSCC.

Methods: This retrospective study is based on institutional data of operated cN+ OSCC between April 2018 and December 2022.

Applications of Clauson-Kaas Reaction in Organic Synthesis.

Pyrrole-embedded organic molecules received a considerable importance due to their numerous biological and material applications. Hence, several synthetic strategies have been devised for the construction of diverse pyrrole analogues over the years. Among these, the Clauson-Kaas reaction is one of the most widely used protocols for the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrroles.

Catabolism and interactions of syntrophic propionate- and acetate oxidizing microorganisms under mesophilic, high-ammonia conditions.

Microbial inhibition by high ammonia concentrations is a recurring problem that significantly restricts methane formation from intermediate acids, i.e., propionate and acetate, during anaerobic digestion of protein-rich waste material.

Cascade Radical Pathway-Enabled Nitrogen-Sulfur Coupling: Access to Isothiazolo[3,4-]--tetraarylporphyrins.

A catalyst-free radical-mediated domino strategy for the construction of isothiazolo[3,4-]--tetraarylporphyrins was developed. During the course of the reaction, 2-benzothioylamino-3-thioformyl--tetraarylporphyrins generated after the addition of Lawesson's reagent to a solution of 2-benzoylamino-3-formyl--tetraarylporphyrins in refluxing toluene underwent a homolytic cleavage to produce nitrogen-sulfur radicals. Subsequently, the formation of a new N-S bond through an intramolecular cascade radical coupling provided direct access to novel β-isothiazole-fused porphyrins.

A divergent one-pot thiol-Michael strategy to create β-thiophene-fused porphyrins.

A divergent one-pot domino strategy for the synthesis of nickel(II) and copper(II) β-thiophene-fused 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins was developed through a thiol-Michael addition of thioglycolic/thiolactic acid to the corresponding 2-iminoporphyrins, formed after the reaction of nickel(II) and copper(II) 2-formyl-5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrins with sterically hindered -butylamine in 1,2-dichloroethane at 80 °C. Interestingly, the reaction of 2-formylporphyrins with comparatively less sterically hindered primary amines and thioglycolic acid afforded a mixture of β-substituted porphyrinic thiazolidinones and β-thiophene-fused porphyrins. A similar one-pot thiol-Michael protocol was applied to construct a novel free-base thieno[2,3-]--tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin, which underwent zinc insertion by using zinc acetate in a CHCl-MeOH mixture and afforded zinc(II) β-thiophene-fused -tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin in an appreciable isolated yield.

Asymmetric 1,2-diaxial synthesis of bi-(hetero)aryl benzofulvene atropisomers transient directing group-assisted dehydrogenative coupling.

The efficient cross-dehydrogenative coupling of electronically rich and sterically congested benzofulvene with bi-(hetero)aryl moieties to construct an axially chiral benzofulvene core remains a formidable task. In this study, we describe a highly efficient and practical palladium-catalyzed approach for atroposelective bi-(hetero)aryl benzofulvene synthesis, achieving excellent enantioselectivity with moderate yields. This protocol offers a remarkable opportunity for the direct regio- and enantioselective conversion of C-H bonds of benzofulvene to C-C bonds.

Nanomaterials for intelligent CRISPR-Cas tools: improving environment sustainability.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is a desirable gene modification tool covering a wide area in various sectors of medicine, agriculture, and microbial biotechnology. The role of this incredible genetic engineering technology has been extensively investigated; however, it remains formidable with cargo choices, nonspecific delivery, and insertional mutagenesis. Various nanomaterials including lipid, polymeric, and inorganic are being used to deliver the CRISPR-Cas system.