Assessment of the value of polygenic risk scores in the prevention of disease.

It is claimed that polygenic risk scores will transform disease prevention, but a typical polygenic risk score for a common disease only detects 11% of affected individuals at a 5% false positive rate. This level of screening performance is not useful. Claims to the contrary are either due to incorrect interpretation of the data or other influences.

Maintaining independence at home after a fall: a process evaluation of the MAINTAIN multicomponent intervention for people living with dementia.

Background: People with dementia who have a fall can experience both physical and psychological effects, often leading to diminished independence. Falls impose economic costs on the healthcare system. Despite elevated fall risks in dementia populations, evidence supporting effective home-based interventions remains limited.

Lateralised modulation of posterior alpha oscillations by closed loop auditory stimulation during memory retention.

Alpha oscillations have been implicated in the maintenance of working memory representations. Notably, when memorised content is spatially lateralised, the power of posterior alpha activity exhibits corresponding lateralisation during the retention interval, consistent with the retinotopic organisation of the visual cortex. Beyond power, alpha frequency has also been linked to memory performan ce, with faster alpha rhythms associated with enhanced retention.

SPM-30 years and beyond.

This paper marks the 30th anniversary of the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software and the journal Cerebral Cortex: two modest milestones that mark the inception of cognitive neuroscience. We take this opportunity to reflect on SPM, a generation after its introduction. Each of the authors of this paper-who represent a small selection of the many contributors to SPM-were asked to consider lessons learned, what has gone well, and where there is room for improvement in future development.

Teachers' experiences of supporting the mental health needs of refugee students in resource-poor settings: a qualitative study in Iran.

Exposure to traumatic events is common amongst children from refugee backgrounds. Given the restricted access of refugee children to formal specialist resources and disrupted parental support mechanisms in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), teachers are increasingly expected to be the primary responders to the complex psychosocial needs of trauma-exposed refugee children. However, despite LMICs hosting over two-thirds of the world's refugee children, our current knowledge of how teachers respond to these needs is predominantly drawn from studies conducted in well-resourced, high-income countries, which fails to capture the unique experiences of teachers in inadequately resourced schools in LMICs.

Impact of maternal stress and COVID-19 exposure during pregnancy on offspring neurodevelopment: signature cohort 12 month follow-up.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought unprecedented global challenges. Amid the crisis, the potential impact of COVID-19 exposure on the neurodevelopment of offspring born to infected mothers emerged as a critical concern. This is a prospective cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring enrolled in the Signature project at Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio in Seville, Spain, between 01/01/2024 and 08/31/2022.

Do psycho-behavioural interventions improve mental and physical health in chronic kidney disease? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

Background: Depression and anxiety are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and worsen clinical outcomes. Psycho-behavioural interventions offer a promising, non-pharmacological approach. However, most evidence comes from people with kidney failure with distinct treatment needs, limiting relevance to earlier stages of CKD, where timely support may enhance self-management and slow progression.

Investigating the mechanisms of indocyanine green tumour uptake in sarcoma cell lines and ex vivo human tissue.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a well-established near-infrared dye which has been used clinically for several decades. Recently, it has been utilised for fluorescence-guided surgery in a range of solid cancer types, including sarcoma, with the aim of reducing the positive margin rate. The increased uptake and retention of ICG within tumours, compared with normal tissue, gives surgeons a visual reference to aid resection when viewed through a near-infrared camera.

Spirituality and Medicine in the USA, Europe, and the UK: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Integrative Approaches to Patient Satisfaction, Quality of Life, and Health Outcomes.

Spiritual interventions, including meditation, prayer, mindfulness, and compassionate care, have gained increasing attention for their potential to enhance both psychological resilience and overall health. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined eight eligible studies conducted across the USA, Europe, and China to assess the impact of such interventions on key outcomes, namely anxiety reduction, quality of life, chronic disease symptom management, and patient satisfaction. Seven studies contributed quantitative data.

Long-term outcomes of modern radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma - different techniques: single institute experience.

Background: Pituitary adenomas are relatively common benign intracranial tumors that may cause significant hormonal imbalances and visual impairments. Radiotherapy (RT) remains an important treatment option, particularly for patients with residual tumor after surgery, recurrent disease, or ongoing hormonal hypersecretion. This study summarizes long-term clinical outcomes and radiation-associated toxicities in patients with pituitary adenomas treated with contemporary radiotherapy techniques at a single institution.

Hypoglycaemia in Older Adults with Diabetes: Pathophysiology, Prevention, and Personalized Care in an Aging Population.

Managing diabetes in older adults requires balancing long-term glycaemic control with the prevention of hypoglycaemia, to which this population is particularly vulnerable owing to frailty, multimorbidity and cognitive decline. Guidelines recommend individualized glucose targets for older adults, particularly those with multimorbidity or increased hypoglycaemia risk. For individuals with frailty or cognitive impairment, relaxed HbA1c targets are often appropriate to reduce the risk of adverse events.

Effects of sini decoction-mediated cellular mitochondrial autophagy on M1 macrophage polarization and its impact on a mouse model of peripheral artery disease.

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Sini Decoction on a murine model of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and to explore its potential mechanisms of action related to mitochondrial autophagy and M1 macrophage polarization. A total of 36 specific-pathogen-free Kunming mice were used to establish a PAD model and were randomly assigned into four groups: the experimental group (EG, administered Sini Decoction via gavage), the control group (CG, administered rapamycin via gavage), the model group (MG, administered 0.9% sodium chloride solution via gavage), and the normal group (NG, administered 0.

Player-Level Tackle Training Interventions in Tackle-Collision Sports: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Background: In tackle-collision sports, the tackle has the highest incidence, severity, and burden of injury. Head injuries and concussions during the tackle are a major concern within tackle-collision sports. To reduce concussion and head impact risk, evaluating optimal tackle techniques to inform tackle-related prevention strategies has been recommended.

The evolution of targeted intra operative radiotherapy in early breast cancer.

Targeted intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) delivers a single dose of radiation to a fresh tumour bed immediately after lumpectomy, commonly used to treat early breast cancer (EBC). It is delivered during the same sitting, with improved patient compliance and better sparing of adjacent healthy tissue, compared to conventional adjuvant radiotherapy to the whole breast. The recently published 12-year results (median follow up of 8.

Clinical comparison of two surgical techniques in obtaining complete root coverage of single RT1 gingival recessions.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the full-thickness palatal graft technique (FTPGT) and the coronally advanced flap with subepithelial connective tissue graft (CAF + SCTG) in achieving complete root coverage (CRC) in single gingival recessions (GR).

Methods: Forty healthy patients with a single RT1 GR were randomized into two groups: 20 treated with CAF + SCTG and 20 with FTPGT. Baseline and 12-month measurements of GR, keratinized tissue width (KTW), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival thickness (GT) were recorded.

[Management of acute abdomen in clinical acute and emergency medicine : Focus on gastrointestinal diseases].

Acute abdomen can represent a serious clinical condition with a variety of different and potentially life-threatening underlying causes. Rapid identification of the underlying etiology through a structured approach and the prompt initiation of adequate diagnostic and treatment measures is highly relevant in order to reduce the patient's mortality risk. This article provides an overview of important differential diagnoses of an acute abdomen and describes recommended diagnostic and therapeutic measures that are relevant in acute and emergency clinical care.

Impact of diabetes on outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background: Diabetic patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are at an increased risk of cardiovascular events as compared to non-diabetic patients. This analysis investigated outcomes of diabetic patients presenting with multivessel disease (MVD) and STEMI in a contemporary trial and the relevance of an immediate versus staged multivessel PCI strategy in this high-risk population.

Methods: Patients enrolled in the MULTISTARS AMI trial were stratified according to the presence/absence of diabetes.

On sperm length mean-variance relationships.

Sperm length is highly variable within ejaculates, between males, populations and across species. While theory makes strong predictions about expected mean sperm size, there is less clarity on variation in sperm, although studies have reported sperm-length variation consistent with some theoretical expectations. Typically, the coefficient of variation (CV) is used in these investigations to control for mean-variance scaling.

Small Interfering RNA Therapy Targeting the Long Noncoding RNA SMILR for Therapeutic Intervention in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Failure.

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery remains the gold standard of care to prevent myocardial ischemia in patients with advanced atherosclerosis; however, poor long-term graft patency remains a considerable and long-standing problem. Excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in the grafted tissue is recognized as central to late CABG failure. We previously identified SMILR, a human-specific SMC-enriched long noncoding RNA that drives SMC proliferation, suggesting that targeting SMILR expression could be a novel way to prevent neointima formation, and thus CABG failure.

The synthesis of β-enamino esters from the thermal, catalyst-free ring opening of aminocyclopropenones.

In an attempt to react aminocyclopropenones with cyclic imines in order to synthesise amido-substituted pyrrolizidine natural products, we found that aminocyclopropenones undergo a previously unreported stereospecific and regiospecific catalyst-free, thermal ring-opening reaction with alcohols to yield β-enamino esters (also known as vinylogous carbamates or aminoacrylates). We report 21 examples in 45 to 97% isolated yield. The reaction occurs nucleophilic attack at the cyclopropenone carbonyl followed by regiospecific ring opening of the cyclopropenone with retention of alkene geometry.

Beyond disenfranchized grief: Survey and interview accounts of animal loss through and beyond COVID-19 in the United Kingdom.

Although there was a rapidly growing body of literature on human-animal relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic, little attention was given to accounts of animal death through and beyond COVID-19. This paper reports on two connected studies undertaken after the end of COVID-19 restrictions in the United Kingdom, here focusing specifically on animal companion loss. From an online survey of 667 participants, 354 responded to an open-ended question about the loss of an animal.

Pre-diagnostic plasma proteomics profile uncovers new biomarkers and mechanistic insights for incident kidney cancer.

Background: The pathophysiological changes driving incident kidney cancer remain unclear. This study aimed to identify protein biomarkers and underlying mechanisms using pre-diagnostic plasma proteomics.

Materials And Methods: Among 48,851 UK Biobank participants, 165 were diagnosed with kidney cancer, and 2,911 plasma proteins were analyzed.