An Investigation of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna in a Modern Anatomical Body Donor Population.

This research sought to examine the prevalence and severity of hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) in the Chicagoland anatomical body donor population. The study further aimed to elucidate potential demographic risk factors for HFI, including sex, age at death, and structural vulnerability index (SVI), as well as any common comorbidities, as gleaned from death certificates. HFI is an irregular bony overgrowth of the endocranial surface of the frontal bone.

Toward Health Equity: A Workshop Report on the State of the Science of Obesity Interventions for Adults.

Objective: From October 18-20, 2022, the National Institutes of Health held a workshop to examine the state of the science concerning obesity interventions in adults to promote health equity. The workshop had three objectives: (1) Convene experts from key institutions and the community to identify gaps in knowledge and opportunities to address obesity, (2) generate recommendations for obesity prevention and treatment to achieve health equity, and (3) identify challenges and needs to address obesity prevalence and disparities, and develop a diverse workforce.

Methods: A three-day virtual convening.

Preclinical dementia rating scores are associated with plasma phosphorylated tau-217.

Introduction: Simple screening tools are critical for assessing Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pre-dementia changes. This study investigated longitudinal scores from the Quick Dementia Rating System (QDRS), a brief study partner-reported measure, in relation to baseline levels of the AD biomarker plasma pTau217 in individuals unimpaired at baseline.

Methods: Data from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (N = 639) were used to examine whether baseline plasma pTau217 (ALZpath assay on Quanterix platform) modified QDRS or Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite (PACC3) trajectories (mixed-effects models; time = age).

Reducing motion artifacts in craniocervical background subtraction angiography with deformable registration and unsupervised deep learning.

Background: In clinical practice, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) often suffers from misregistration artifact resulting from voluntary, respiratory, and cardiac motion during acquisition. Most prior efforts to register the background DSA mask to subsequent postcontrast images rely on key point registration using iterative optimization, which has limited real-time application.

Purpose: Leveraging state-of-the-art, unsupervised deep learning, we aim to develop a fast, deformable registration model to substantially reduce DSA misregistration in craniocervical angiography without compromising spatial resolution or introducing new artifacts.

Engrafted NSG-SGM3 humanized mice spontaneously produce human immunoglobulins including IgE.

NSG-SGM3 humanized mouse models are well-suited for studying human immune physiology but are technically challenging and expensive. We previously characterized a simplified NSG-SGM3 mouse, engrafted with human donor CD34 hematopoietic stem cells without receiving prior bone marrow ablation or human secondary lymphoid tissue implantation, that still retains human mast cell- and basophil-dependent passive anaphylaxis responses. Its capacities for human antibody production and human B cell maturation, however, remain unknown.

Reciprocated tachycardias in cardiac laminopathy: a clinical case report.

Background: Cardiac laminopathies, associated with mutations in the LMNA gene, are a rare inherited disorder characterized by a broad range of clinical manifestations. There are currently no data on the association between supraventricular re-entrant tachycardias and LMNA-related cardiomyopathy.

Case Summary: A 26-year-old male presented with either wide-QRS tachycardia with a left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern or narrow QRS tachycardia, as well as a history of palpitations since age 15.

On the improved estimation of the normal mixture components for longitudinal data.

When analyzing real data sets, statisticians often face the question that the data are heterogeneous and it may not necessarily be possible to model this heterogeneity directly. One natural option in this case is to use the methods based on finite mixtures. The key question in these techniques often is what is the best number of mixtures or, depending on the focus of the analysis, the best number of sub-populations when the model is otherwise fixed.

Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of patient-portal-based screening for substance use among people with HIV.

Background: Achieving Equity in Patient Outcome Reporting for Timely Assessments of Life with HIV and Substance Use (ePORTAL HIV-S) is a research project funded by the National Institute for Drug Abuse to implement and evaluate multi-level interventions to decrease barriers to substance use screening and treatment for PLWH. At its center is a multidomain intervention addressing digital, sociocultural, and health care system environments, at individual, interpersonal, and community levels. ePORTAL HIV-S has four overall goals; this manuscript describes the protocol specifically for the randomized control trial (RCT) portion of the study.

gen. et sp. nov., a New Euaesthetine Rove Beetle From Mid-Cretaceous Kachin Amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).

We describe and illustrate gen. et sp. nov.

Improving Communication and Management Following a Positive Home HPV Self-Sampling Result: Comparing Intervention Strategies Between the HOME and STEP Trials.

Background: Mailed human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling kits improve cervical cancer screening adherence. The HOME trial found information needs and anxiety among HPV-positive patients. We designed a STEP trial to test optimized intervention strategies with bolstered educational materials and a centralized nurse communicating positive results.

High dissolved oxygen extends dive duration and suggests physical gill use in a vertebrate.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) dramatically impacts the habitat use of many aquatic animals, particularly for air-breathing animals that rely on 'physical gills' for respiration while submerged. Invertebrates that use bubbles as physical gills directly uptake DO from the water for respiration. However, no vertebrate animals have yet been documented using physical gills.

Whole genome sequence analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol across 246 K individuals.

Background: Rare genetic variation provided by whole genome sequence datasets has been relatively less explored for its contributions to human traits. Meta-analysis of sequencing data offers advantages by integrating larger sample sizes from diverse cohorts, thereby increasing the likelihood of discovering novel insights into complex traits. Furthermore, emerging methods in genome-wide rare variant association testing further improve power and interpretability.

The mesocorticolimbic system in stimulant use disorder.

Stimulant Use Disorder (StUD) is a pervasive and extremely dangerous form of addiction for which there are currently no approved medications. Discovering treatments will require a deep understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the behavioral effects of stimulant drugs. A major target is the mesocorticolimbic system.

Identification of p38 MAPK inhibition as a neuroprotective strategy for combinatorial SMA therapy.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by ubiquitous deficiency in the SMN protein. The identification of disease modifiers is key to understanding pathogenic mechanisms and broadening the range of targets for developing SMA therapies that complement SMN upregulation. Here, we report a cell-based screen that identified inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) as suppressors of proliferation defects induced by SMN deficiency in mouse fibroblasts.

Cellular pan-chain acyl-CoA profiling reveals SLC25A42/SLC25A16 in mitochondrial CoA import and metabolism.

The essential cofactor coenzyme A (CoASH) and its thioester derivatives (acyl-CoAs) have pivotal roles in cellular metabolism. However, the mechanism by which different acyl-CoAs are accurately partitioned into different subcellular compartments to support site-specific reactions, and the physiological impact of such compartmentalization, remain poorly understood. Here, we report an optimized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based pan-chain acyl-CoA extraction and profiling method that enables a robust detection of 33 cellular and 23 mitochondrial acyl-CoAs from cultured human cells.

Transcriptomics and eQTLs reveal inflammatory heterogeneity in the duodenal lining in coeliac disease.

In coeliac disease (CeD), the epithelial lining (EL) of the small intestine is severely damaged by a complex auto-inflammatory response, leading intraepithelial lymphocytes to attack epithelial cells. To understand the intestinal changes and genetic regulation in CeD, we investigated the heterogeneity in the transcriptomic profile of the duodenal EL using RNA-seq and eQTL analysis on predicted cell types. The study included duodenal biopsies from 82 patients, grouped into controls, gluten-free diet treated CeD and untreated CeD.

Factors Associated With Guideline-Concordant Cervical Cancer Screening Exit: A Mixed Methods Study.

Background: More than 20% of cervical cancers are diagnosed in women older than 65 years. Guidelines recommend screening exit at age 65 for average-risk patients only if certain criteria are met, yet most women aged 64-66 years in the United States are inadequately screened. In this mixed methods study, we explored clinician knowledge of exit criteria.

Variations in Medical Clearance Testing for Mental Health Emergency Department Visits.

Background And Objectives: There are recommendations against routine medical clearance testing for children evaluated in the emergency department (ED) for mental health concerns. Our objective was to determine variation, factors, and costs associated with medical clearance testing during ED encounters for mental health concerns.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of ED encounters among children aged 5 to 18 years who presented to 35 US children's hospitals for mental health concerns (2016-2023).

Modelling Pavlovian biases in depressed and healthy young adults.

Pavlovian stimuli signalling potential punishment and reward have powerful effects on instrumental behaviours. For example, a cue associated with punishment will suppress well-learned instrumental responses. However, the degree to which Pavlovian stimuli interfere with the learning of instrumental responses is less well studied.

Training Pathways for Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery: An Analysis of Residencies and Matched FMIGS Trainees.

Objective: To better understand the training environment in Minimally invasive Gynecologic Surgery (MIGS) among obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residency programs and the educational pathway to securing an FMIGS (Fellowship in MIGS) fellowship.

Design: Observational, cross-sectional study utilizing data from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) for OBGYN residency programs and both ACGME- and AAGL-accredited gynecologic fellowships. Outcomes included the proportion of residency programs with affiliated FMIGS fellowships or MIGS divisions, the number of FMIGS fellows who trained at such programs, and trends in residency-to-fellowship transitions over a five-year period.

Mitigating lead bioaccessibility in metal(loid)s contaminated alkaline soils using soil amendments: Evaluating efficacy using in vitro bioaccessibility, sequential extraction, and synchrotron techniques.

The correlation between Pb species formation and bioaccessibility in alkaline, smelter-impacted soil co-contaminated with other toxic trace elements after treatment with phosphorus-containing amendments was investigated. The soil was collected near a former copper smelter, El Paso, Texas. It contained Pb (3200 ± 142 mg kg), As (254 ± 14 mg kg), and Cd (110 ± 8 mg kg).