Neural activity is altered by childhood trauma exposure and varied by sex in typically developing youths during sustained attention-to-response tasks (SART).

It is well recognized that adults with exposure to childhood traumas are at risk of developing psychopathology and executive dysfunction. However, how these executive function deficits emerge following trauma exposure has not been widely examined. We hypothesized that children exposed to a higher number of early childhood traumas would show reduced amplitude and longer latency in cortical response in executive brain regions during tasks requiring sustained attention and inhibition, compared to children with fewer or no such experiences.

Near-infrared light-induced transcranial photobiomodulation enhances the visual pathway's function in healthy volunteers.

Significance: Low-level near-infrared light-induced transcranial photobiomodulation (NIR-TPBM) is a promising technology for improving cerebral blood flow and metabolism. However, the effects of NIR-TPBM on the visual pathway's function remain poorly understood.

Aim: The aim was to assess the visual pathway's function changes in response to NIR-TPBM in young, healthy volunteers.

Altered neuronal network connectivity in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and its association with inhibitory function.

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is associated with widespread neurocognitive deficits, including impairments in executive function, attention, and inhibitory control. However, understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these deficits in young children 6-8 years of age remains limited. This study investigated functional connectivity (FC) alterations in key brain networks related to inhibitory control and executive function in children with FASD compared to typically developing controls (TDC).

Using NIRS-Based Spectroscopy for the Comparison of Cerebral Net-Water Uptake and Microcirculation in Posttraumatic Penumbra in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to compare net-water uptake (NWU), which serves as a quantitative imaging marker of cerebral edema, with brain oxygen status and cerebral microcirculation changes in posttraumatic peri-ischemic foci (PIF) in severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) patients.

Materials And Methods: 89 sTBI patients (women 35; men 54, age 37 years [25;47]) with unilateral frontal/frontotemporal lesions were included in this retrospective, non-randomized, single-center study. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), delay time (DT), time to maximum contrast concentration (Tmax), and mean transit time (MTT) were measured in PIF and determined using dynamic perfusion computed tomography (PCT) in the first 2 days after trauma and admission.

Low Lung Function in Middle-Aged Smokers Impacts Health Status, Morbidities, and Mortality: An Observational Analysis of the Lovelace Smokers Cohort.

Background: Pulmonary function tests may predict future outcomes; however, they are not often performed in middle aged individuals at risk for future airway obstruction. We examined whether smokers with low lung function have increased risk of developing health problems and mortality over time.

Methods: Current and ever smokers (n=830) from the Lovelace Cohort aged 40-60 years without baseline airway obstruction and with at least two spirometry measurements over 18 months were included.

Evaluation of singlicate duplicate analysis in ligand binding assays: a case study with IFN-γ in mouse and NHP models.

Background: The use of duplicate analysis in biomarker assays is a standard practice. While it does not inherently increase variability or contribute to assay failure, it can reveal the high variability associated with manual pipetting, thereby highlighting potential issues within the assy.

Research Design And Methods: This study evaluated the reliability of singlicate analysis compared to duplicate analysis for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assays using ELISA in mouse and non-human primate (NHP) serum samples.

Optimizing pediatric "Mild" traumatic brain injury assessments: A multi-domain random forest analysis of diagnosis and outcomes.

Objective: Despite advances in imaging and fluid-based biomarkers, the care for pediatric "mild" traumatic brain injury (pmTBI) remains primarily dependent on clinical evaluation. However, the optimal clinical assessments for diagnosing pmTBI and predicting outcomes remain debated, including which individual test or combinations of assessments are most effective, and how this evolves as a function of time post-injury.

Method: Random Forest models were used to identify the most effective assessments for diagnostic (pmTBI vs.

A one year longitudinal study of cortical myelination changes following pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.

The impact of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (pmTBI) on cortical (i.e., grey matter) myelination is not yet understood, especially for interactions with neurodevelopment.

Oral dosing of the nucleoside analog obeldesivir is efficacious against RSV infection in African green monkeys.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in high-risk populations. Although prophylactic options are available, there are no effective oral therapeutics for RSV infection. Obeldesivir (ODV) is an orally bioavailable prodrug of the nucleoside analog GS-441524, which is converted intracellularly to its active nucleoside triphosphate and inhibits the RSV RNA polymerase.

A Breakthrough on Modeling Cancer Prevention and Elimination by Low Radiation Doses.

Background: Previously the author was unable to develop a formal mathematical characterization of his probability-based hormetic relative risk (HRR) model for cancer prevention/elimination by absorbed doses () of ionizing radiation in the hormetic zone where < (population absorbed dose threshold for cancer induction).

Objective: To develop a formal mathematical characterization of the HRR model's disease prevention function (), which is the cancer prevention/elimination probability.

Approach: Use distributed (over a population) individual-specific, natural-defenses-enhancing (E) and suppressing (S) dose thresholds.

Standardizing high-throughput RNA extraction: Modifying commercial kits for improved purity, yield, and efficiency.

High-throughput extraction kits are widely use in clinical and preclinical settings to extract nucleic acids from biological samples due to their scalability, repeatability, and reduced labor. However, achieving high nucleic acid yield and purity while maintaining reliability and reproducibility remains challenging in molecular biology labs, partly due to lack of standardized guidelines for nucleic acid extractions and purification. Variations in extraction kits and extraction chemistries often lead to inconsistence results across experiments.

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid reduces brain lesion volume and cortical edema in a rat model of Traumatic brain injury.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to be a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Effective treatment options are limited, and randomized clinical data has been futile.

Objective: In this study, we assessed the efficacy of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) in treating TBI using a controlled cortical impact injury model in male Wistar rats.

Sudden Death Induced by Acute Inhalation of Aerosolized Carfentanil.

Bilateral Inhalation of carfentanil (CRF) aerosol could rapidly induce death in humans and CRF aerosol exposure induces respiratory depression in animals; however, the dynamic progression of cardiorespiratory failure leading to sudden death induced by acute CRF aerosol exposure remains unclear. This study aimed to establish a rat model that allows dynamically characterizing the cardiorespiratory failure prior to death following acute exposure to a lethal concentration of CRF aerosol. Two groups of anesthetized and spontaneously breathing rats were exposed to aerosolized vehicle and CRF (4 mg/m) for 10 minutes respectively.

Regional and Global Changes in Brain Structure 1-Year Post Pediatric "Mild" Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: Despite the high prevalence of pediatric "mild" traumatic brain injury (pmTBI), very little is known about the long-term effects of injury on brain structure and how injuries manifest in the context of dynamic and regionally specific neurodevelopmental changes.

Methods: Prospective study design characterizing long-term effects of pmTBI on both global (brain age) and regional (hippocampal volume, hippocampal subfields, and cortical thickness) brain structure at approximately 7 days, 4 months, and 1-year post-injury. A large sample of age- and sex-matched healthy controls was imaged at identical temporal intervals to account for typical neurodevelopmental changes, and to assess how trauma potentially affects developmental trajectories.

PcrV in an intranasal adjuvanted tobacco mosaic virus conjugate vaccine mediates protection from Pseudomonas aeruginosa via an early Th1/Th17 skewed localized and systemic immune response.

Multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections are a growing problem for at-risk populations, causing thousands of deaths per year, and novel therapies to treat or prevent severe PA infection are desperately needed. We developed a novel intranasal (IN) protein subunit vaccine using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a vaccine delivery platform. Recombinant PcrV (rPcrV) was covalently linked to TMV and delivered IN with the adjuvant curdlan (TMV-PcrV+c).

Differences in neurophysiological resting-state alpha spectral events in 4-12-year-old children with prenatal exposure to alcohol relative to typically developing controls.

Objective: To investigate the effects of age and prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on the constituent parameters underlying mean alpha power.

Methods: Resting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) alpha events were characterized by measuring event spectral power, number of events per epoch, duration of events, and frequency span within the alpha band (7-13 Hz) in 82 typically developing controls (TDCs) and 53 participants with PAE/FASD. We examined the relationship between these parameters and overall mean alpha power as well as how they differ with age and PAE/FASD.

Overcoming challenges of clinical cell therapies for Parkinson's disease with photobiomodulation.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a rapidly growing and innovative therapeutic method for various illnesses in recent years. Due to the irreversible nature of Parkinson's disease (PD), it has proven challenging to impede or postpone the progression of the disease. Despite research on pharmacological approaches to halt neuronal degeneration, the viability of these techniques has been called into doubt due to apprehensions over potential side effects and the ethical implications associated with the utilization of embryonic cell transplantation.

The effects of menthol content on the abuse liability of smokeless tobacco in a randomized crossover trial.

Background: Menthol is a common additive in tobacco products and reduces the aversiveness of nicotine. While numerous studies have examined the effects of menthol in cigarettes on nicotine exposure and other addiction-related outcomes, no clinical study to date has investigated the influence of menthol on nicotine pharmacokinetics (PK) and abuse liability in smokeless tobacco (ST).

Aims: The current study investigated the effects of varying levels of menthol in ST on nicotine PK, pharmacodynamics (i.

Relationship Between Rotational Device Kinematics and Head Kinematics in a Large Animal Model of Traumatic Brain Injury.

Purpose: Large mammal head injury models allow the pathophysiological response associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) to be studied in vivo with precise control of the physical parameters. However, only some studies have used skull-mounted sensors to measure the kinematics of the animal head rather than relying on measurements of the system delivering the impact. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare the kinematics between a rotational injury device (HYGE, Inc.

Industrial air pollution and newborn hearing screening failure.

Hearing loss in newborns is a prevalent issue that can hinder the growth of language skills and cognitive development. Given that hearing loss often co-occurs with other adverse birth outcomes and the recognized role of metals in causing such outcomes, it is conceivable that metals may also serve as a risk factor of hearing loss. This study examined the associations between maternal residential exposure to thirteen PM-bound metals and failure in Newborn Hearing Screening (NHS) in offspring in New Mexico from 2008 to 2017 to ascertain possible implications of these environmental exposures.

Hypertension, blood-brain barrier disruption and changes in intracranial pressure.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is pressure within the cranium, between 5 and 15 mmHg in a normal brain, and is influenced by the dynamic balance between brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and cerebral blood volume. ICP is vital for cerebral health, impacting outcomes in various neurological conditions. Disruptions, such as cerebral haemorrhage, hydrocephalus and malignant hypertension, can lead to elevated ICP, a dangerous condition known as intracranial hypertension (IH).

Radiophobia Harm, Its Main Cause, and a Proposed Solution.

We are exposed to natural ionizing radiation and other genomic stressors throughout life and radiophobia has caused much harm to society. The main basis for radiophobia is the invalid linear no-threshold (LNT) hypothesis for cancer induction, which the System of Radiological Protection (SRP) is linked to. Largely unknown to the public, evolution-associated over many previous generations now provides protection to all lifeforms from low radiation doses.

Navigating the Development of Dry Powder for Inhalation: A CDMO Perspective.

Interest in pulmonary/nasal routes for local delivery has significantly increased over the last decade owing to challenges faced in the delivery of molecules with poor solubility, systemic side effects, or new modalities such as biologics. This increasing interest has attracted new stakeholders to the field who have yet to explore inhaled drug product development. Contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) play a key role in supporting the development of drug products for inhalation, from early feasibility to post marketing.