Interleukin 15 (IL15)-based near-infrared photoimmunotherapy.

Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a highly selective cancer therapy based on a targeted monoclonal antibody conjugated to phthalocyanine-based photoabsorber, IRDye700DX (IR700). Following injection, near-infrared light activates the conjugate causing direct cytotoxicity and immunogenic cell death. The high selectivity of NIR-PIT is traditionally based on the binding of a monoclonal antibody to its target thus bringing the photoabsorber, IR700, in close proximity to the cell membrane at the time of light exposure.

Fraction of Nitric Oxide in Exhaled Breath.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an odorless gaseous molecule important for biological functions including regulation of vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, neurotransmission, platelet aggregation inhibition, and airway epithelial barrier function. It was first discovered in exhaled breath by Gustafsson and colleagues in 1991. However, interest in NO in respiratory medicine escalated following 2 successive independent reports, 1 showing elevated levels of NO in the exhaled breath of individuals with asthma and another demonstrating a decrease in exhaled NO in response to inhaled corticosteroid use.

Human neutrophils are a cellular source of apolipoprotein A-I.

Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1), the major protein of high-density lipoproteins, has anti-inflammatory functions. APOA1 is primarily produced in the liver; however, it is not known whether neutrophils are a cellular source. Here, we assessed whether human neutrophils express APOA1.

Equal Opportunity and Luck: Empirical Exploration Using the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

Equality of opportunity (EOp) is a broad category of egalitarian theories that has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Empirical implementations of EOp primarily focus on the explained component of inequality, classifying determinants of the outcome (e.g.

Metabolic rerouting of valine and isoleucine oxidation increases survival in zebrafish models of disorders of propionyl-CoA metabolism.

Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation is a multistep process leading to the formation of acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA. The syndromes associated with disturbed BCAA oxidation are clinically and biochemically heterogenous. While the common organic acidemias, propionic (PA) and methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), arise from deficient activity of propionyl-CoA carboxylase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase and are life-threatening conditions with limited treatment options, isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IBD), and 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase (2-MBD) deficiencies manifest as biochemical traits, with no associated symptoms or consistent metabolic phenotypes.

How well do multimodal LLMs interpret CT scans? An auto-evaluation framework for analyses.

Objective: This study introduces a novel evaluation framework, GPTRadScore, to systematically assess the performance of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in generating clinically accurate findings from CT imaging. Specifically, GPTRadScore leverages LLMs as an evaluation metric, aiming to provide a more accurate and clinically informed assessment than traditional language-specific methods. Using this framework, we evaluate the capability of several MLLMs, including GPT-4 with Vision (GPT-4V), Gemini Pro Vision, LLaVA-Med, and RadFM, to interpret findings in CT scans.

Assessing Large Language Model Performance Related to Aging in Genetic Conditions.

Unlike some health conditions that have been extensively delineated throughout the lifespan, many genetic conditions are largely described in pediatric populations, with a focus on early manifestations like congenital anomalies and developmental delay. An apparent gap exists in understanding clinical features and optimal management as patients age. Generative artificial intelligence is transforming biomedical disciplines including through the introduction of large language models (LLMs).

Localization modalities for botulinum neurotoxin injection.

Botulinum toxin is a targeted therapeutic that acts primarily at the site of injection. Various approaches have been taken to guide injection into the selected muscle, gland, organ or other body area. Guidance methodologies that can be used in the office setting for skeletal muscle and salivary gland percutaneous injection include uninstrumented manual needle placement, electromyography (EMG), electromyography with electrical stimulation (e-stim), ultrasound (US) and combined guidance (US + EMG or US + e-stim).

Cognitive fatigue did not significantly influence youth's total energy intake or snack food consumption during a randomized trial.

Resource-based models of self-regulation propose that fatigue-induced depletion of cognitive resources is an impetus for overeating. Data provide preliminary support for resource-based models for eating in adults, but the relevance of this pathway for youth is unknown. The aim of this study was to test a resource-based model of eating behavior in youth.

Chromosome-scale genome assembly of B10.RIII, an autoimmune susceptible mouse strain.

Background: A vast majority of potential drug candidates are initially tested in mice before human trials, resulting in life-saving treatments and preventive measures. Hundreds of autoimmune disorders, including arthritis, lupus etc., affect millions of people all over the world.

Macrophage polarization, inflammatory monocytes, and impaired MDSCs are associated with murine and human immune aplastic anemia.

Immune-mediated bone marrow failure (BMF) entails a complex immune landscape. Myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are involved in the development and progression of immune aplastic anemia (AA). We used a murine model of BMF to explore the effects of CSF-1R inhibition on immune pathophysiology.

Three distinct forms of Pneumocystis coexist in individuals of two species of deer mice (genus Peromyscus).

As emerging zoonoses represent a significant public health threat, understanding how pathogens' host ranges evolve is critical to protect human and wildlife health. Closely related hosts infected with host-specific pathogens provide valuable opportunities for clear inferences of host range evolution, as they allow for the examination of early diversification patterns in their resident pathogens. Pneumocystis, an obligate lung symbiont that is believed to be ubiquitous in mammals, exemplifies such a model.

Transitioning to adult care in youth-onset diabetes: a scoping review of socio-ecological factors in youth-onset type 2 diabetes compared to type 1 diabetes.

Background: Multiple socio-cultural and personal factors influence the transition from pediatric to adult-centered diabetes care in youth-onset type 1 diabetes (Y-T1D), but few data exist in youth-onset type 2 diabetes (Y-T2D). We determined the scope of the literature on socio-ecological factors associated with transitioning to adult care in Y-T2D compared with Y- T1D to identify facilitators, barriers, and knowledge gaps in Y-T2D.

Method: We conducted a global scoping review using the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.

Abnormal alterations in neurodevelopment in preterm children with very low birth weight during the adolescence.

Background: Preterm infants with very low birth weight are at high risk for long-term neurocognitive deficits. However, whether these neurocognitive deficits are improved or worsened in adolescence remains unclear.

Methods: We took advantage of the large sample from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset to investigate alterations in brain structure, behavior, including cognitive function and mental health symptoms, and in puberty among preterm children with very low/normal birth weight (Pre_VLBW/Pre_NBW) and full-term children with normal birth weight (Con_NBW) from baseline to 2-year follow-up.

Can ketamine and other glutamate receptor modulators be considered entactogens?

Subanesthetic-dose ketamine has recently been reported to improve hedonic pleasures associated with social interactions and altruism in individuals with treatment-resistant depression. However, whether ketamine-among other glutamate receptor modulators-also improves empathy and/or prosocial behavior in humans remains unknown. Under a framework grounded in neurobiology that proposes that prosocial behavior is preceded by empathy, this systematic review sought to: (1) explore the entactogenic effects of glutamate receptor modulators observed in clinical trials (as either primary or secondary outcomes), and (2) synthesize the findings regarding which glutamate receptor modulators produce entactogenic effects.

Interaction of Selected Anthracycline and Tetracycline Chemotherapeutics with Poly(I:C) Molecules.

Despite the natural ability of the immune system to recognize cancer and, in some patients, even to eliminate it, cancer cells have acquired numerous evading mechanisms. With the increasing knowledge and focus shifting from targeting rapidly proliferating cells with chemotherapy to modulating the immune system, there have been recent efforts to integrate (e.g.

Brain Age Prediction in Type II GM1 Gangliosidosis.

GM1 gangliosidosis is an inherited, progressive, and fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder with no approved treatment. We calculated a predicted brain ages and Brain Structures Age Gap Estimation (BSAGE) for 81 MRI scans from 41 Type II GM1 gangliosidosis patients and 897 MRI scans from 556 neurotypical controls (NC) utilizing , a machine learning MRI analysis pipeline. NC showed whole brain aging at a rate of 0.

Integrated Needle Guide on Smartphone for Percutaneous Interventions Using Augmented Reality.

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the workflow and evaluate the accuracy of a novel smartphone augmented reality (AR) application that includes an integrated needle guide, in a phantom.

Materials And Methods: A smartphone cover with an integrated needle guide was designed and 3D-printed. An AR application for percutaneous application was developed, which integrated a projected needle path based on the rigid needle guide.

An intrinsically disordered region of Drosha selectively promotes miRNA biogenesis, independent of tissue-specific Microprocessor condensates.

Precise control of miRNA biogenesis is of extreme importance, since mis-regulation of miRNAs underlies or exacerbates many disease states. The Microprocessor complex, composed of DROSHA and DGCR8, carries out the first cleavage step in canonical miRNA biogenesis. Despite recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of Microprocessor, the N-terminal region of DROSHA is less characterized due its high intrinsic disorder.

Brain morphology in adolescent girls with first-onset anorexia nervosa.

This study aimed to assess whether a young, first-onset cohort of girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) demonstrate similar findings of reduced gray and white matter volume reductions as reported in older women with chronic AN. We compared adolescents and young adults with first-onset AN to typically developing (TD) girls and investigated associations between brain volume measures and clinical symptoms. Whole-brain T-weighted structural imaging was performed in 58 young persons with AN and 63 age, sex-, and education-matched TD participants.

Late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis: magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and correlational fiber tractography differentiate Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff diseases.

GM2 gangliosidosis is lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the heterodimeric enzyme β-hexosaminidase A. Tay-Sachs disease is caused by variants in HEXA encoding the α-subunit and Sandhoff disease is caused by variants in HEXB encoding the β-subunit. Due to shared clinical and biochemical findings, the two have been considered indistinguishable.

A Case for Automated Segmentation of MRI Data in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Type II GM1 Gangliosidosis.

Background: Volumetric analysis and segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data is an important tool for evaluating neurological disease progression and neurodevelopment. Fully automated segmentation pipelines offer faster and more reproducible results. However, since these analysis pipelines were trained on or run based on atlases consisting of neurotypical controls, it is important to evaluate how accurate these methods are for neurodegenerative diseases.