Pharmacognostic Characterization of Primula denticulata by Light Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Analytical Techniques.

Primula denticulata (Primulaceae) has long been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases. Around the globe, it is used to cure different diseases such as bronchitis, enhanced bronchial output, making phlegm less thick, asthma, joint discomfort, fever, diarrhea, sleeplessness, urinary infections, wound healing, eye illnesses, and dysuria. The study's findings provide several pharmacognostic benchmarks that support the maintenance of P. denticulata's purity, safety, and effectiveness. Light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM and LM) were used to investigate several plant sections, and cross-sectional images yielded several useful botanical features. During the macroscopic evaluation procedure, the form, color, size, odor, and surface characteristics of the plant parts were evaluated. The pharmacognostic standardization parameters (ash values, loss on drying, swelling index, hemolytic index, and foaming index) were determined in accordance with the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization. When the heavy metal content was examined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), it was discovered that both heavy metals and trace elements were found within allowable bounds. Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed on plant extracts to determine their contents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, carbohydrates, lipids, and protein. Preliminary phytochemical testing indicates the major classes of phytoconstituents that are found in the plant. The quantitative and qualitative microscopic characteristics help to set criteria for planting pharmacopeia. Several pharmacognostic parameters, alike size, shape, and structure of various plant constituents described in connection with physicochemical and phytochemical examination, could be assessed with significant advantage for future research.