Using novel neural measures to explore the development of infant attention bias to threat.

Attention bias to threat is considered an adaptive cognitive phenomenon that is associated with developmental and psychopathological outcomes across the lifespan. However, investigations into the development of attention bias to threat in infancy have produced mixed results. Steady-state visual evoked potentials provide a robust measure of visual cortex processing and attention by capturing brain entrainment to the rhythmic flicker of visual stimuli. This investigation leveraged a novel steady-state visual evoked potential task to examine attention bias to threat via affective expressions and its changes with age within the first 2 years of life. Infants ( = 118, = 9.21 months; range = 3-22 months; 57.61% female) viewed a series of affective face pairs (neutral with happy, fearful, or angry) in which one face flickered at 6 Hz and the other at 7.5 Hz, while their brain activity was measured with electroencephalography. Infants' frequency-tagged brain responses were larger to fearful faces, above all other expressions, consistent with the presence of an attention bias to threat in infancy. Affect-biased attention did not change with age. Furthermore, the presence of an attention bias toward fear was found prior to the literature-suggested age of 7 months. This study demonstrated the utility of using a robust and novel measure of attention, steady-state visual evoked potentials, to examine attention bias to threat and its development during infancy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).