B- and T cell receptor sequencing elucidates characteristics of lymphocyte depletion by ocrelizumab.

Ocrelizumab therapy depletes circulating CD20 lymphocytes. To characterize adaptive immune changes, we analyzed blood B- and T cell receptor repertoires of 35 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients before and alongside ocrelizumab therapy, compared to 11 healthy donors and 14 MS patients alongside natalizumab therapy, as well as cerebrospinal fluid and blood single-cell transcriptomics of 29 donors. Tissue-resident memory cells in cerebrospinal fluid revealed gene expression and initial therapy-resistance. Depletion of CD20 T cells was evident in highly expanded T-cell receptor beta chain and Vd2+ T-cell receptor delta chain clonotypes. Peripheral immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoires six months after initial depletion showed a bimodal patient distribution with either few B cells with high levels of somatic hypermutation, and comparatively high-sequence overlap with baseline samples, consistent with incomplete depletion of differentiated B cells or higher numbers of less differentiated B cells, indicating reconstitution from germline. Future studies will have to show how the identified phenotypes could be involved in MS pathology.