Major Allele Frequencies in and in Asian and European Populations: A Case Study to Disaggregate Data Among Large Racial Categories.

CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are major CYP450 enzymes that heavily influence the hepatic metabolism and bioactivation of many medications, including over-the-counter and narrow therapeutic index drugs. Compared to the wild-type alleles, genetic variants in either gene could potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of widely used medications, affect the desired therapeutic outcomes of a drug therapy, or increase the risk of undesired adverse events. The frequency of genetic polymorphisms associated with CYP450 enzymes can widely differ across and between racial and ethnic groups. This narrative review highlights the differences in and allele frequencies among European and Asian population subgroups, using published literature. Identifying the substantial differences across European and Asian populations, as well as within Asian subgroups, indicates the need to further scrutinize general population data. Clinical scientists and healthcare providers should advocate for more inclusive clinical pharmacogenomic data and racially and ethnically diverse pharmacogenomic databases. Clinical trials of limited racial and geographical diversity may not necessarily have strong external generalizability for all populations. Furthermore, clinical trials that designate an all-inclusive Asian population consisting of multiple ethnicities may not be adequate due to the perceived genetic differences among Asian subgroups. Gravitating towards a more comprehensive approach to utilizing pharmacogenomic data necessitates granular population-level genetic information which can be leveraged to improve how drug therapies are prescribed, achieve health equity, and advance the future of precision medicine.