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In the paper the load capacity and mechanoregulation properties of a 3D printed gyroid scaffold made of pure PLA implanted into the long bone defect are assessed. The constitutive law of the material is estimated based on experimental data and a finite element method (FEM) model. Within the FEM, the bone healing process is simulated, considering the biphasic nature of the tissues and making use of the Prendergast mechanoregulation theory, where the mechanical stimuli include octahedral shear strain and interstitial fluid velocity. The computations are performed in Abaqus software. It is shown that the strength of pure PLA is sufficient for the treatment of long bone fractures. The gyroid scaffold provides a low mechanical stimulus in the fracture gap and reduces adverse strain and velocity concentration between the fractured bone fragments.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.107110 | DOI Listing |
Med Eng Phys
October 2025
Mechanical Engineering Department KVGIT Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Triply periodic minimal surfaces have garnered significant interest in the field of biomaterial scaffolds due to their unique structural properties, including a high surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio, tunable permeability, and the potential for enhanced biocompatibility. Bone scaffolds necessitate specific features to effectively support tissue regeneration. This study examines the permeability and active cell proliferation area of advanced Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) lattice structures, focusing on a novel lattice design.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLoS One
September 2025
Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Sectionally nonlinearly functionally graded (SNFG) structures with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) are considered ideal for bone implants because they closely replicate the hierarchical, anisotropic, and porous architecture of natural bone. The smooth gradient in material distribution allows for optimal load transfer, reduced stress shielding, and enhanced bone ingrowth, while TPMS provides high mechanical strength-to-weight ratio and interconnected porosity for vascularization and tissue integration. Wherein, The SNFG structure contains sections with thickness that varies nonlinearly along their length in different patterns.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Biomed Mater Res A
September 2025
Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, ENVA, B3OA, Paris, France.
Bone repair procedures rely on osteoconductive material scaffolds that guide and promote bone ingrowth through their architecture. This study investigated how the bone formation and vascularization are modulated within gyroid macroporous scaffolds during the regeneration of rat calvarial bone defects. It compared scaffold-guided regeneration to spontaneous healing through 3D analysis of both ossification and vascularization.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
August 2025
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
Today, orthopedic surgeons have been continuously focusing on bone tissue engineering for regenerating damaged bone through the use of biomimetic scaffolds and innovative materials. Hence, this study presents a comprehensive investigation into the optimization of PLA + 3D printed lattice scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications, emphasizing the role of geometric configuration and processing parameters on mechanical performance. Three distinct lattice geometries such as Lidinoid, Diamond, and Gyroid were developed with varying wall thicknesses (1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
August 2025
Advanced Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
Bone-related defects present a key challenge in orthopaedics. The current gold standard, autografts, poses significant limitations, such as donor site morbidity, limited supply, and poor morphological adaptability. This study investigates the potential of scaffold geometry to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) through mechanotransduction, without the use of chemical inducers.
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