The integration of quantitative trait locus mapping and transcriptome studies reveals candidate genes for water stress response in St. Augustinegrass.

Background: Drought resistance is an increasingly important trait for many plants-including St. Augustinegrass, a major warm-season turfgrass-as more municipalities impose restrictions on frequency and amount of irrigation. Breeding efforts have focused on breeding for drought resistance, and several drought-related quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for St. Augustinegrass in previous studies. However, the molecular basis of this trait remains poorly understood, posing a significant roadblock to the genetic improvement of the species.

Results: This study sought to validate those QTL regions in an independent biparental population developed from two sibling lines, XSA10098 and XSA10127. The drought evaluation in two greenhouse trials showed significant genotype variation for drought stress traits including leaf wilting, percent green cover, relative water content, percent recovery, and the area under the leaf wilting-, percent green cover-, and percent recovery- curves. A linkage map was constructed using 12,269 SNPs, representing the densest St. Augustinegrass linkage map to date. A multiple QTL mapping approach identified 24 QTL including overlapping regions on linkage groups 3, 4, 6, and 9 between this study and previous St. Augustinegrass drought resistance studies. At the transcriptome level, 1965 and 1005 differentially expressed genes were identified in the drought sensitive and tolerant genotypes, respectively. Gene Ontology and KEGG analysis found different mechanisms adopted by the two genotypes in response to drought stress. Integrating QTL and transcriptomics analyses revealed several candidate genes which are involved in processes including cell wall organization, photorespiration, zinc ion transport, regulation of reactive oxygen species, channel activity, and regulation in response to abiotic stress.

Conclusions: By innovatively integrating QTL and transcriptomics, our study advances the understanding of the genetic control of water stress response in St. Augustinegrass, providing a foundation for targeted drought resistance breeding.