Mapping Histoplasma in Bats and Cave Ecosystems: Evidence from Midwestern Brazil.

Unlabelled: Caves serve as natural reservoirs for diverse microbial species due to their unique biotic and abiotic conditions. spp. is frequently associated with guano-enriched soil, low luminosity, and high humidity, particularly in Latin America, a region highly endemic for histoplasmosis. Despite the continent's diverse biomes, local environmental and host distributions of remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a -specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the gene on guano samples from seven bat-inhabited caves and tissue samples from 74 bats of nine species in the Federal District of Brazil and surround-ing regions. We detected DNA in 16 of 80 soil samples (20%) and in 33 bats representing seven species. Among 222 tissue samples (74 lung, 74 spleen, 74 brain), 39 tested positive: 22 lung, 10 spleen, and 7 brain samples. Four bats had DNA in both lung and brain, and two in both lung and spleen. By mapping the presence of across sampled caves, we identified environmental hotspots of fungal prevalence, emphasizing the need for targeted surveillance.

Importance: Our study provides critical insights into the environmental and host distribution of spp. in Brazil, identifying caves with high fungal prevalence and demonstrating its presence in multiple bat species. These findings underscore the necessity of public health interventions to mitigate the risk of histoplasmosis among cave visitors in the region. Additionally, we highlight the utility of qPCR for detecting in environmental and biological samples, supporting future epidemiological research in Latin America.