Current Advances and Future Prospects of Bulk and Microfluidic-Enabled Electroporation Systems.

Reversible electroporation (EP) is a pivotal biophysical technology that leverages pulsed electric fields to enhance the permeability of cell membranes, thereby facilitating the introduction of foreign material into cells. In this review, we provide an overview of bulk electroporators and microfluidic-enabled EP systems, focusing on their controversial points of mechanisms, architectures, and parameter settings. Bulk electroporators have been extensively commercialized with settled form including pulse generator and accessories (i.e., EP cuvette and plates). Researchers have made efforts to increase the throughput and simplify the operation of bulk EP systems. Additionally, microfluidics has emerged as a promising technology for optimizing EP parameters and enhancing the performance. Given the significant structural differences between these two types of EP systems, their operating conditions such as temperature, voltage, and pulse parameters are discussed. Research tend to operate single cells under more concentrated electric field induced by low voltage, enabling a quantitative exogenous materials delivery and numerical simulation. However, due to cost constraints and properties of materials utilized in laboratories, the commercialization of laboratory prototypes has been impeded. Furthermore, the technological limitations, current commercialization status, and development trends have been examined.