A molecularly distinct cell type in the midbrain regulates intermale aggression behaviors in mice.

: The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a central hub for the regulation of aggression, whereas the circuitry and molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation remain uncharacterized. In this study, we investigate the role of a distinct cell type, -expressing (Tac2) neurons, located in the dorsomedial PAG (dmPAG) and their modulation of aggressive behavior in mice. : We combined activity mapping, Ca recording, chemogenetic and pharmacological manipulation, and a viral-based translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) profiling using a mouse resident-intruder model. : We revealed that dmPAG neurons are selectively activated by fighting behaviors. Chemogenetic activation of these neurons evoked fighting behaviors, while inhibition or genetic ablation of dmPAG neurons attenuated fighting behaviors. TRAP profiling of dmPAG neurons revealed an enrichment of serotonin-associated transcripts in response to fighting behaviors. Finally, we validated these effects by selectively administering pharmacological agents to the dmPAG, reversing the behavioral outcomes induced by chemogenetic manipulation. : We identify dmPAG neurons as critical modulators of aggressive behavior in mouse and thus suggest a distinct molecular target for the treatment of exacerbated aggressive behaviors in populations that exhibit high-level of violence.