Optimization of turbidity removal and floc formation for ballasted flocculation using magnetite-based agents by response surface methodology.

In this study, a static mixer was used as an alternative to the existing flash mixing method for ballasted flocculation to assess the turbidity removal and ballasted floc formation characteristics. Synthetic magnetite exhibits excellent properties, such as high specific gravity, hydrophobicity, and wear resistance, making it a suitable ballast agent (BA). The experimental design was optimized using the response surface methodology. To evaluate turbidity removal, a model based on polyaluminum chloride dosage, BA surface charge, and pH was developed. To assess the ballasted floc characteristics, the BA dosage, BA size, and G value of the static mixer were used. During ballasted flocculation, the impact of the zeta potential of the BA was minimal. Consequently, bonding primarily resulted from the viscosity of the floc caused by physical collisions rather than electrostatic forces stemming from the BA charge. The findings of this study demonstrated promising outcomes, including potential energy savings and process streamlining, by identifying crucial design elements for implementing a static mixer in the ballasted flocculation process.