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The rearrangement and expression of the immunoglobulin μ heavy chain (Igh) gene require communication of the intragenic Eμ and 3' regulatory region (RR) enhancers with the variable (V) gene promoter. Eμ binding of the transcription factor YY1 has been implicated in enhancer-promoter communication, but the YY1 protein network remains obscure. By analyzing the comprehensive proteome of the 1-kb Eμ wild-type enhancer and that of Eμ lacking the YY1 binding site, we identified the male-specific lethal (MSL)/MOF complex as a component of the YY1 protein network. We found that MSL2 recruitment depends on YY1 and that gene knockout of Msl2 in primary pre-B cells reduces μ gene expression and chromatin looping of Eμ to the 3' RR enhancer and V promoter. Moreover, Mof heterozygosity in mice impaired μ expression and early B cell differentiation. Together, these data suggest that the MSL/MOF complex regulates Igh gene expression by augmenting YY1-mediated enhancer-promoter communication.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114456 | DOI Listing |
J Chem Phys
September 2025
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
We study how protein condensates respond to a site of active RNA transcription (i.e., a gene promoter) due to electrostatic protein-RNA interactions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell Rep
September 2025
Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. Electronic address:
RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is regulated by sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) and the pre-initiation complex (PIC): TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH, and Mediator. TFs, Mediator, and RNAPII contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) and form phase-separated condensates, but how IDRs control RNAPII function remains poorly understood. Using purified PIC factors, we developed a real-time in vitro fluorescence transcription (RIFT) assay for second-by-second visualization of transcription at hundreds of promoters simultaneously.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Mol Biol
September 2025
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address:
The precise spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression through enhancer-promoter (E-P) interactions represents a fundamental mechanism underlying cellular differentiation and organismal development in multicellular eukaryotes. Despite extensive studies on enhancer-mediated gene regulation, a systematic understanding of how specific E-P configurations affect transcriptional dynamics remains incomplete. Recent advances in live-imaging, single-cell assays, and chromatin conformation capture technologies have enabled unprecedented insights into these dynamic regulatory processes by providing temporal resolution and single-cell specificity that complement traditional population-based approaches.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNucleic Acids Res
July 2025
Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Gray Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
To date, most studies explored changes in 3D-genome organization between different tissues or during differentiation, which involve massive reprogramming of transcriptional programs. Much fewer studies examined alterations in genome organization in response to cellular stress, which involves less pervasive transcriptional modulation. Here, we examined associations between spatial chromatin organization and gene expression in two different biological contexts: transcriptional programs determining cell identity and transcriptional responses to stress, using p53 activation as a model.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPhys Rev E
May 2025
China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China.
Enhancer-promoter (E-P) communication is essential for gene transcription regulation in eukaryotes. Transcriptional condensates, which may form via liquid-liquid phase separation, are thought to enable E-P interactions. However, the kinetic mechanism of condensate-mediated E-P contacts and their effect on gene expression are unclear.
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