A deep-sea sulfate-reducing bacterium generates zero-valent sulfur via metabolizing thiosulfate.

Zero-valent sulfur (ZVS) is a crucial intermediate in the sulfur geobiochemical circulation and is widespread in deep-sea cold seeps. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are thought to be the major contributors to the formation of ZVS. However, ZVS production mediated by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) has rarely been reported. In this study, we isolated and cultured a typical SRB designated CS1 from deep-sea cold seep sediment in the South China Sea. We show that CS1 forms ZVS in the medium supplemented with thiosulfate. Proteomic and protein activity assays revealed that thiosulfate reductase (PhsA) and the sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) played key roles in driving ZVS formation in CS1. During this process, thiosulfate firstly was reduced by PhsA to form sulfide, then sulfide was oxidized by SQR to produce ZVS. The expressions of PhsA and SQR were significantly upregulated when CS1 was cultured in a deep-sea cold seep, strongly indicating that strain CS1 might form ZVS in the deep-sea environment. Notably, homologs of and were widely identified from microbes living in sediments of deep-sea cold seep in the South China Sea by the metagenomic analysis. We thus propose that SRB containing and genes potentially contribute to the formation of ZVS in deep-sea cold seep environments.