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The aim of the study was to investigate how smoke-associated flavoring substances behave during storage in Frankfurter-type sausages. The diffusion behavior of seven selected aroma substances in the sausage matrix and the influence of the packaging and the casing were examined over a storage period of 28 days. The sausages were cut into uniformly thick layers at defined time intervals and examined by headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In general, three different groups could be distinguished: (1) even distribution over the entire product on the first day after smoking; (2) clear concentration gradient from outside to inside on the first day of storage, which leveled out until day 28 of storage; and (3) a clear concentration gradient that remained present throughout the storage period. In addition, only small effects were found in the distribution of flavorings between two types of packaging, selected casing, or different calibers.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01538 | DOI Listing |
J Neural Transm (Vienna)
September 2025
Sárospatak College, Sztárai Institute, University of Tokaj, Eötvöst str. 7, Sárospatak, 3944, Hungary.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry and physical symptoms of prolonged anxiety. Patients with subclinical GAD-states (sub-GAD) do not fulfill the diagnostic criteria of GAD, but they often show a disease burden similar to GAD, and the subclinical state may turn into a full syndrome. Neuroinflammation may contribute to changes in brain structures in sub-GAD, but direct evidence remains lacking.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Math Biol
September 2025
School of Mathematical Sciences and Institute of Natural Sciences, MOE-LSC, CMA-Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
It has been noticed that when the waiting time distribution exhibits a transition from an intermediate time power-law decay to a long-time exponential decay in the continuous time random walk model, a transition from anomalous diffusion to normal diffusion can be observed at the population level. However, the mechanism behind the transition of waiting time distribution is rarely studied. In this paper, we provide one possible mechanism to explain the origin of such a transition.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain Res Bull
September 2025
Department of Psychiatry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; Institute for the Developing Mind, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
We propose a Biophysically Restrained Analog Integrated Neural Network (BRAINN), an analog electrical network that models the dynamics of brain function. The network interconnects analog electrical circuits that simulate two tightly coupled brain processes: (1) propagation of an action potential, and (2) regional cerebral blood flow in response to the metabolic demands of signal propagation. These two processes are modeled by two branches of an electrical circuit comprising a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMath Biosci
September 2025
Department of Mathematics, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada. Electronic address:
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is mainly spread by Monochamus alternatus (in short, M. alternatus). Woodpecker, as the natural predator of M.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Control Release
September 2025
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada; The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M
Microfluidic hydrodynamic focusing (HF) has emerged as a powerful platform for the controlled synthesis of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and liposomes, offering superior precision, reproducibility, and scalability compared to traditional batch methods. However, the impact of HF inlet configuration and channel geometry on nanoparticle formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we present a comprehensive experimental and computational analysis comparing 2-inlet (2-way) and 4-inlet (4-way) HF designs across various sheath inlet angles (45°, 90°, 135°) and cross-sectional geometries (square vs.
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