Desipramine ameliorates fine particulate matter-induced hepatic insulin resistance by modulating the ceramide metabolism in mice.

Recent research has highlighted a correlation between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM) and the development of systemic insulin resistance (IR) along with an elevated risk of diabetes. Ceramide has emerged as one of the pathogenic mechanisms contributing to IR. The inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity by desipramine (DES) has been shown to effectively reduce ceramide levels. In the present study, 24 female C57BL/6 N mice were randomized into one of the four groups: the filtered air exposure (FA) group, the concentrated PM exposure (PM) group, the concentrated PM treated with low-dose DES (DL) group, and the concentrated PM treated with high-dose DES (DH) group. The PM, DL and DH groups were exposed to PM for an 8-week period within a whole-body exposure system. The study encompassed extensive examinations of glucose homeostasis, liver lipid profile, ceramide pathway, and insulin signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated that PM exposure caused impaired glucose tolerance, elevated ceramide levels, increased phosphorylation PP2A, reduced Akt phosphorylation, and hindered GLUT2 expression. Remarkably, DES administration mitigated PM-induced IR by effectively lowering ceramide levels. In conclusion, the reduction of ceramide levels by DES may be a promising therapeutic strategy for coping PM-induced IR.