A probable case of "lumpy jaw" in early medieval (11th - 12th c.) cattle from a stronghold in Kruszwica, Poland.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to try to determine the probable cause of the disease from which the study animal suffered.

Materials: The skeletal material included a caudal fragment of a cattle mandible. The specimen, exhibiting chronic disease was separated from approximately 10,000 early medieval cattle remains discovered during excavations of the former Kruszwica stronghold.

Methods: The bone was underwent macroscopic, radiological and histopathological examination.

Results: Location, macroscopic, microscopic and X-ray images of the lesions within the examined mandible indicate it could have been caused by the actinomycosis.

Conclusions: In the face of infection, no effective therapies were undertaken in the Middle Ages.

Significance: Descriptions of lumpy jaw in the paleopathological literature are rare. This disease, due to its background and course, eliminated animals from breeding for centuries until the era of antibiotics. The case described in our paper is in an advanced stage, but its adult age suggests that efforts were possibly made to keep the cow alive as long as possible, indicating the significant economic importance of the animal.

Limitations: This analysis is limited by the absence of other anatomical elements of the affected animal, which impacts the interpretation of the palaeopathological bone.

Suggestions For Further Research: It is recommended that similar studies are conducted on better preserved and more numerous cattle assemblages.