Pathological Changes in Early Medieval Horses from Different Archaeological Sites in Poland.

The work is the first comprehensive analysis of equine pathological changes from the Polish territory. The research material was collected from 20 archaeological sites, mainly early medieval settlements, such as strongholds, settlements, towns and horse graves. In the material examined, 186 cases of lesions were found.

A probable case of "lumpy jaw" in early medieval (11th - 12th c.) cattle from a stronghold in Kruszwica, Poland.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to try to determine the probable cause of the disease from which the study animal suffered.

Materials: The skeletal material included a caudal fragment of a cattle mandible. The specimen, exhibiting chronic disease was separated from approximately 10,000 early medieval cattle remains discovered during excavations of the former Kruszwica stronghold.

Battle wound as a probable cause of the death of an early medieval horse in Ostrów Lednicki, Poland.

Objective: In this paper we interpret a pathology observed in an early medieval horse skull discovered near the abutment of the eastern Gniezno bridge in Ostrów Lednicki in Poland. We consider the possible cause of the observed damage in the context of the armed invasion of the Czech prince Brzetysław and a battle of Ostrów Lednicki.

Materials: A skull of a 10-year-old male horse dated to the 11th century.