Changing Genotypic Distribution, Antimicrobial Susceptibilities, and Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Carbapenemase-Producing .

Background: Carbapenem-resistant (CrPA) is a leading cause of healthcare-associated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Carbapenemase production is an important mechanism that significantly alters the efficacy of frequently used anti-pseudomonal agents. Reporting the current genotypic distribution of carbapenemase-producing (CPPA) isolates in relation to antimicrobial susceptibility, UTI risk factors, and mortality is necessary to increase the awareness and control of these strains.

Methods: In total, 1,652 non-duplicated strains were isolated from hospitalized patients between 2015 and 2020. Antimicrobial susceptibility, carbapenemase genotypes, risk factors for UTI, and associated mortality were analyzed.

Results: The prevalence of carbapenem-non-susceptible isolates showed a decreasing trend from 2015 to 2018 and then increased in the background of the emergence of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)-type isolates since 2019. The CPPA strains showed 100.0% non-susceptibility to all tested antibiotics, except aztreonam (94.5%) and colistin (5.9%). Carbapenems were identified as a risk and common predisposing factor for UTI (odds ratio [OR]=1.943) and mortality (OR=2.766). Intensive care unit (ICU) stay (OR=2.677) and white blood cell (WBC) count (OR=1.070) were independently associated with mortality.

Conclusions: The changing trend and genetic distribution of CPPA isolates emphasize the need for relentless monitoring to control further dissemination. The use of carbapenems, ICU stay, and WBC count should be considered risk factors, and aggressive antibiotic stewardship programs and monitoring may serve to prevent worse outcomes.