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Body condition is increasingly used to assess the status of populations and as a proxy for individual fitness. A common, quick and non-invasive approach is to estimate condition from the relation between body length and mass. Among the methods developed for this purpose, the Scaled Mass Index (SMI) appears best suited for comparisons among populations. We assembled data from 17 populations of European green toads (Bufotes viridis) with the aim of devising a standard formula applicable for monitoring this species. The mean value of the exponents describing length-mass allometry in these samples was 3.0047. Hence, we propose using 3 as a scaling coefficient for calculating the SMI in green toads. From the contrast of SMI values for both sexes within populations, estimated with either the population-specific or the standard coefficient, we conclude that applying the standard formula not only facilitates comparisons among populations but may also help to avoid misinterpretation of variation within populations.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010043 | DOI Listing |
Integr Org Biol
July 2025
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Sexual dichromatism is prevalent throughout the animal tree of life and can play an important role in visual signaling and mate choice in many species. Some instances of sexual dichromatism, however, result from a combination of mechanisms including sexual niche partitioning and intrasexual signaling to identify competitors. Sexual dichromatism is relatively rare in anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) but is striking and prevalent in the African reed frogs (Hyperoliidae).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
July 2025
Department of Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland.
Amphibians are among the most endangered groups of vertebrates worldwide; therefore, effective population monitoring is crucial for understanding the factors driving these unfavourable trends. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of fully automated passive acoustic monitoring in estimating the distribution and population size of the European green toad (Bufotes viridis)-an anuran species in which males vocalize intensively during the breeding season. We conducted visual counts with human observers, recorded the soundscape using autonomous sound recorders, applied automatic call detection, and calculated soundscape complexity using acoustic indices adjusted to the frequency range of European green toad vocalizations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAquat Toxicol
September 2025
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 384817758, Iran.
This study elucidates urea fertilizers' dual, concentration-dependent effects on the green toad (Bufotes sitibundus, Pallas, 1771), revealing a nonlinear dose-response pattern that may reflect a potential hormetic effect at low doses versus acute toxicity at elevated concentrations. Larvae exposed to urea gradients (5-50 mg/L and 5-7 g/L) were evaluated for survival, metamorphic dynamics, and growth indices. At 10 mg/L, larvae exhibited optimal outcomes: 95 % survival (57/60 metamorphosed), accelerated metamorphosis (50 days), and superior morphometrics (mean length: 30.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Zool
June 2025
Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C4, Canada.
Animals can differ in their individual movement behaviors during their daily displacements. Studies of animal movement patterns often disregard the need to understand individual variation in these patterns and the role of this variation in shaping population distributions of movements. To assess the link between individual movements and population distributions, we radio-tracked 13 Fowler's Toads () in Long Point, Ontario, Canada, after their breeding season.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEcotoxicology
July 2025
Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Bruce ACT, Australia.
Butachlor is one of the most widely used herbicides in agricultural areas throughout the world. Studies have measured the toxicity of butachlor in single life stages of amphibians, however, less attention has been paid to the impacts of this herbicide on various life stages. Therefore, we collected the eggs of the green toad Bufotes viridis sitibundus from a clean environment with no history of pesticides.
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