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Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has continued to spread rapidly around the world. The effective drugs may provide a long-term strategy to combat this virus. The main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) are two important targets for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 virus replication and proliferation. In this study, deep reinforcement learning, covalent docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to identify novel compounds that have the potential to inhibit both Mpro and PLpro. Three compounds were identified that can effectively occupy the Mpro protein cavity with the PLpro protein cavity and form high-frequency contacts with key amino acid residues (Mpro: His41, Cys145, Glu166; PLpro: Cys111). These three compounds can be further investigated as potential lead compounds for SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2021-0269 | DOI Listing |
Mol Divers
September 2025
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
Tilorone, a 9-fluorenone scaffold-based molecule, is a known broad-spectrum antiviral with an IC of 180 nM against SARS-CoV-2, but its mechanism is not known. In the present study, we found it to have weak activity against PLpro (IC = 30.7 ± 7.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFComput Struct Biotechnol J
April 2025
Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6139, South Africa.
Understanding viral evolution and predicting future mutations are crucial for overcoming drug resistance and developing long-lasting treatments. Previously, we established machine learning (ML) models using dynamic residue network (DRN) metric data and leveraging a vast amount of existing mutation data from the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M). Here, we sought to assess the generalizability and robustness of the current models across other SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrob Pathog
August 2025
Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. Electronic address:
The rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has demanded innovative approaches to treatment and prevention. This article reviews the current landscape of COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines, emphasizing the role of biotechnological products, particularly lectins and protease inhibitors. SARS-CoV-2, a single-stranded RNA virus, infects host cells via its spike (S) protein, which binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFViruses
March 2025
Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97000-000, RS, Brazil.
The SARS-CoV-2 proteases M and PL are critical targets for antiviral drug development for the treatment of COVID-19. The 1,2,4-thiadiazole functional group is an inhibitor of cysteine proteases, such as papain and cathepsins. This chemical moiety is also present in ceftaroline fosamil (CF), an FDA-approved fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVet Res Commun
April 2025
Laboratory of Vaccine Biotechnology, Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Shuhama, Kashmir, 190006, India.
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) poses a persistent threat to poultry health and productivity, resulting in substantial economic losses. Despite the deployment of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, effective control of IBV remains challenging, emphasizing the need for alternative strategies to manage infections. This study identifies dual inhibitors targeting the main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) using a combinatorial in silico and ex vivo approach.
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