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The use of nontraditional soil stabilizers increases. Various new soil binding agents are under study to augment renewability and sustainability of an earth structure. However, despite increasing interest involved in red clay, there is minimal research investigating the stabilizing red clay with polymer. This paper presents the findings obtained by applying the acrylic polymer and epoxy emulsion as binding agent for red clay and that for sand. The epoxy-hardener ratio, amount of epoxy emulsion, and amount of polymer aqueous solution were manipulated to quantify their effects on red clay and sand, respectively. After compacting a pair of cylindrical samples of which diameter and height are 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively, it is cured for 3 and 7 days in a controlled condition. Each pair is produced to represent the engineering performance at each data point in the solution space. An optimal composition of the binding agents for red clay and that for sand mixture are identified by experimenting every data point. In addition, given lime into each sample, the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) endured by red clay sample and that by sand sample are 2243 and 1493 kPa, respectively. The UCS obtained by the sample mixed with clay and sand reaches 2671 kPa after seven days of curing. It confirms that the addition of lime remarkably improves the UCS. When the clay-sand mixture, of which the ratio is 70:30, includes 5% lime, the UCS of the mixture outperforms. Indeed, these findings, i.e., the optimal proportion of components, may contribute to the increase of initial and long-term strength of an earth structure, hence improving the renewability and sustainability of the earth construction method.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193410 | DOI Listing |
PLoS One
September 2025
School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
Phosphogypsum is an acidic solid waste mainly composed of CaSO₄-2H₂O by-products of the wet process phosphoric acid industry, which has the characteristics of high impurity content, poor stability of stockpiling, but can be utilized in a resourceful way. Phosphogypsum waste utilization can reduce environmental pollution, save resources and create economic value. In order to investigate the fatigue characteristics and the mechanism of dynamic strength change of cement-phosphogypsum-red clay under wet and dry cycles, the cumulative deformation characteristics and the rule of change of critical dynamic stress of the mixed materials were investigated by dynamic triaxial fatigue test, SEM and XRD test, and the mechanism of dynamic strength change was analyzed according to the microstructure and the chemical mineral composition of the mixed materials.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Exp Dermatol
September 2025
Children's Investment Fund Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Podoconiosis, a neglected tropical disease, manifests as non-filarial lymphedema, primarily affecting the lower limbs. It arises due to prolonged exposure of bare feet to irritant red clay soils in genetically susceptible individuals. The disease is preventable and manageable but remains a public health challenge in endemic areas, including several countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
August 2025
School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
To mitigate the adverse ecological impacts of inorganic solidified materials on modified red clay and address the issues of low bearing capacity and extensive cracking under hydraulic erosion, this study investigates the use of low-environmental-impact materials to improve the mechanical fracturing of red clay. In this context, this study focuses on modifying red clay using an environmentally friendly biopolymer, xanthan gum (XG). Through a series of laboratory mechanical and microstructural tests, the effects of XG on the mechanical fracturing, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and microstructural characteristics of red clay are examined.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaterials (Basel)
August 2025
Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Vivarelli, 10, 41125 Modena, Italy.
In this work, lightweight aggregates (LWAs) were prepared from an Italian red clay, pumice scraps, and spent coffee grounds. Chemical and physical characterization was first performed on the raw materials and then on the finished products. By studying the thermal behavior of the materials, the correct firing temperature was evaluated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
August 2025
Department of Civil Engineering, Higher Future Institute of Engineering and Technology in Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt.
The rising demand for sustainable concrete stems from resource scarcity, environmental concerns, and structural performance needs. Preplaced Aggregate Concrete (PAC) improves durability and efficiency but requires alternative binders to lessen dependence on Portland cement. This study explores the formulation of a sustainable geopolymer grout, incorporating red clay, slag, and fly ash, to address these concerns while promoting the reutilization of industrial by-products.
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