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Plants have developed intricate defense mechanisms, referred to as innate immunity, to defend themselves against a wide range of pathogens. Plants often respond rapidly to pathogen attack by the synthesis and delivery to the primary infection sites of various antimicrobial compounds, proteins, and small RNA in membrane vesicles. Much of the evidence regarding the importance of vesicular trafficking in plant-pathogen interactions comes from studies involving model plants whereas this process is relatively understudied in crop plants. Here we assessed whether the vesicular trafficking system components previously implicated in immunity in Arabidopsis play a role in the interaction with Fusarium graminearum, a fungal pathogen well-known for its ability to cause Fusarium head blight disease in wheat. Among the analysed vesicular trafficking mutants, two independent T-DNA insertion mutants in the AtMin7 gene displayed a markedly enhanced susceptibility to F. graminearum. Earlier studies identified this gene, encoding an ARF-GEF protein, as a target for the HopM1 effector of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which destabilizes MIN7 leading to its degradation and weakening host defenses. To test whether this key vesicular trafficking component may also contribute to defense in crop plants, we identified the candidate TaMin7 genes in wheat and knocked-down their expression through virus-induced gene silencing. Wheat plants in which TaMin7 genes were silenced displayed significantly more Fusarium head blight disease. This suggests that disruption of MIN7 function in both model and crop plants compromises the trafficking of innate immunity signals or products resulting in hypersusceptibility to various pathogens.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab170 | DOI Listing |
Brain Res
September 2025
Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi, Jiangbin Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, No 85 Hedi Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Electronic address: 13657813091@163
Levofloxacin (LVFX)-associated seizures are thought to arise from disrupted excitatory-inhibitory balance, but the underlying synaptic mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigated how LVFX alters both glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission to promote neuronal hyperexcitability. We combined in vitro and in vivo approaches using primary cortical neurons treated with LVFX and adult rats administered LVFX.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAutophagy Rep
September 2025
Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that is prominent during bacterial infections. In this review article, we discuss how direct pathogen clearance via xenophagy and regulation of inflammatory products represent dual functions of autophagy that coordinate an effective antimicrobial response. We detail the molecular mechanisms of xenophagy, including signals that indicate the presence of an intracellular pathogen and autophagy receptor-mediated cargo targeting, while highlighting pathogen counterstrategies, such as bacterial effector proteins that inhibit autophagy initiation or exploit autophagic membranes for replication.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiology (Basel)
August 2025
Department of Oral Biology, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
The retina is highly sensitive to oxygen and blood supply, and hypoxia plays a key role in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Müller glial cells, which are essential for retinal homeostasis, respond to injury and hypoxia with reactive gliosis, characterized by the upregulation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin, cellular hypertrophy, and extracellular matrix changes, which can impair retinal function and repair. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports photoreceptors, forms part of the blood-retinal barrier, and protects against oxidative stress; its dysfunction contributes to retinal degenerative diseases such as AMD, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and Stargardt disease (SD).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Med Virol
September 2025
School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
Tyrosine kinase non-receptor2 (TNK2) is a host protein involved in vesicular trafficking, cell spreading, migration, survival, and proliferation. TNK2 has been identified as a conserved host factor for the entry of several non-enveloped RNA viruses, such as Orsay virus in Caenorhabditis elegans and multiple picornaviruses in cells and mice. Although TNK2 was reported as required for influenza A virus infection in a genome-wide CRISPR screen, its role remains contentious as it was not identified in other screens.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Biol Chem
September 2025
The Autophagy Lab, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
Alpha-Synuclein (αSyn), a hallmark protein of synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease, is likely to be involved in neuronal membrane trafficking and synaptic vesicle dynamics at axon terminals. Its specific binding to anionic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) that are essential for intracellular signaling and membrane trafficking, suggests an involvement in vesicular transport processes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism for cell biological PD research, human αSyn localises to the plasma membrane via the secretory machinery.
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