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In this study, we critically review the literature concerning the relation of Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Elemental status is estimated using peripheral blood parameters, hair, urine, daily intake and response to supplementation. The observed associations between concentration levels of the elements Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se and ADHD symptoms are contradictory. This is partly due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disorder. As a trend, lower ferritin and zinc levels can be observed. However, this correlation is not causative, as illustrated by placebo-controlled trials reporting conflicting evidence on the efficacy of supplementation. Well-defined studies on changes in concentration levels of the elements in relation to ADHD symptoms before and after treatment with therapeutics it will be possible to shed more light on the significance of these elements in this behavioral disorder. The discussion on whether a change in concentration of an element is cause or consequence of ADHD is not within the scope of this article.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194440 | DOI Listing |
BMC Pediatr
September 2025
School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
Background: Adequate sleep is crucial for children's health, especially for children with ADHD and concurrent sleep problems. There is a need for more studies focusing on sleep problems in children with ADHD as these problems may exacerbate ADHD symptoms and vice versa, impacting negatively on everyday life. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in health-related factors between children with ADHD without clinically relevant sleep problems and those with clinically relevant sleep problems after a sleep intervention.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChild Abuse Negl
September 2025
University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Parkville, Melbourne, 3010, Australia. Electronic address:
Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to poor mental health outcomes, yet much of the existing research focuses on cumulative risk rather than the impact of distinct types of adversity. This limits insights into how specific ACE patterns influence psychopathology. Additionally, inquiries into links between ACE exposure and mental health typically focus on a single symptom class, overlooking co-occurring psychopathologies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAppl Neuropsychol Child
September 2025
Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to time perception deficits, with theories such as Scalar Expectancy Theory (SET) and Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT) offering different explanations. SET suggests time perception relies on a pacemaker-counter system influenced by working memory, whereas DAT highlights the role of attention in modulating time perception. This study examines the impact of attention, working memory, and motor response on time perception in children with ADHD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Child Psychol Psychiatry
September 2025
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Background: Prospective studies of autism family history infants primarily report recurrence and predictors of autism at 3 years. Less is known about ADHD family history infants and later childhood outcomes. We characterise profiles of mid-childhood developmental and behavioural outcomes in infants with a family history of autism and/or ADHD to identify potential support needs and patterns of co-occurrence across domains.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAACAP Open
September 2025
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Objective: Despite rapid advancements in understanding of cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) in children, less is known about the neural correlates of CDS. The aim of this study was to examine associations between CDS symptom severity and connectivity within and between specific brain networks.
Method: The study recruited 65 right-handed children (ages 8-13 years; 36 boys) with the full continuum of CDS symptom severity from the community.