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Acute treatment of agitation in psychiatry is one of the urgent situations for which management recommendations are needed. Various existing international recommendations have been evaluated and adapted to our clinical practice and to the drugs available in Switzerland in order to propose a uniform management strategy in our hospital. This strategy includes a treatment choice algorithm with different options depending on the clinical situation and the possible route of administration. Dose recommendations for the oral and intramuscular routes, certain pharmacokinetic parameters, as well as risks of interactions and important warnings are also included in this clinical recommendation.
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BMJ Open Qual
September 2025
Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
Background: Restrictive practices (ie, physical restraint, rapid tranquilisation and seclusion) are used to manage risk of harm to self and/or others during inpatient psychiatric admissions. Restrictive practices can be physically and psychologically hazardous for both patients and staff, but there have been few well-controlled evaluations of interventions to reduce restrictive practices.
Objective: To conduct a controlled evaluation of the implementation of a culture change intervention on a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) compared with a control PICU on use of restraint.
Arch Psychiatr Nurs
June 2025
Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore 539747, Singapore. Electronic address:
Background: Unexpected deaths have been associated with a variety of factors within the inpatient psychiatric setting.
Aims: This scoping review aims to evaluate the contributing/risk factors and preventive strategies of unexpected deaths.
Methods: This study is guided by the PRISMA extension for scoping review and the PRISMA 2020 statement.
World J Psychiatry
October 2024
Department of Research & Innovation, Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, United Kingdom.
Background: Restrictive practices (RPs) are defined by measures linked to physical and chemical restraints to reduce the movement or control behaviours during any emergency. Seclusion is an equal part of RPs intended to isolate and reduce the sensory stimulation to safeguard the patient and those within the vicinity. Using interventions by way of virtual reality (VR) could assist with reducing the need for RPs as it could help reduce anxiety or agitation by way of placing users into realistic and immersive environments.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Law Psychiatry
June 2024
Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, The Hague, the Netherlands. Electronic address:
Background: Verbal and physical violence in psychiatric hospitals can have harmful consequences for staff members, such as physical injury, traumatisation, and sick leave, and they often accompany involuntary admission. Harm to others may co-occur with self-harm, i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHealth Technol Assess
January 2024
Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Background: Containment (e.g. physical restraint and seclusion) is used frequently in mental health inpatient settings.
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