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Lack of moisture can lead to the aging of pit mud, excessive moisture will make it difficult to maintain its shape or even collapse. Therefore, a rapid and nondestructive detection technology for moisture in pit mud using hyperspectral imaging was firstly investigated. Modeling efficiency of various processing was compared in visible (400-1,000 nm) and near-infrared (900-1,700 nm) regions, and the optimal model was SNV-SPA-SVM in near-infrared spectroscopy; the and RMSEP of model were .9953 and 0.0029, respectively. Furthermore, the distribution map showed that the moisture in the new cellar was generally lower than that of old, and the moisture distribution of the old pit mud was more even. Moreover, the moisture content of different layers in the same cellar increased from top to bottom. This work provides strong technical support for liquor brewing enterprises to effectively implement online monitoring of pit mud changes and open a new era for the application of hyperspectral imaging technology in the field of liquor solid-state fermentation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1289 | DOI Listing |
Sci Rep
August 2025
College of Biological Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, China.
Baijiu, a traditional Chinese distilled spirit and the world's most consumed liquor, derives its distinctive quality and complex flavor profile, particularly in strong-aroma types, primarily from the unique microbial ecosystem within pit mud (PM), the fermented clay lining of fermentation pits. To gain a deeper understanding of the role microorganisms play in shaping the quality of baijiu, this study comprehensively examined the microbial communities and physicochemical characteristics of PM sourced from various ages (20, 30, 40, and 50 years) and distinct spatial layers (upper, middle and bottom), as well as explored the correlations between these factors. PM aging drives microbial community simplification characterized by declining α-diversity yet increasing ASV richness, forming a "high richness/low evenness" succession pattern that favors functional specialists (Caproiciproducens, Aminobacterium).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Microbiol
July 2025
College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
Ethyl acetate (EA) has an important impact on the quality of Strong-flavor Baijiu (SFB) and is synthesized from acetic acid (AA) and ethanol by microorganisms during the fermentation process. However, the composition and distribution characteristics of AA-related microorganisms are unclear in the SFB production process. In this study the changes of bacterial community and concentration of AA during the fermentation process (7-67d) and different season fermentation (spring and summer) was investigated, and the composition of AA-related bacteria was analyzed to reveal the distributional characteristics of AA-related bacteria in brewing environment (Daqu, raw materials, pit mud, ground and tools).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFood Microbiol
December 2025
Anhui Fermented Food Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, No.420 Feicui Road, Hefei City, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. Electronic address:
Pit mud, a typical substance used for Baijiu fermentation, lacks cross-regional studies, hindering the development of standardized regulatory strategies. This study integrated large-scale data from three major Baijiu-producing regions to elucidate the bacterial characteristics of pit mud. Significant differences in bacterial communities were observed, yet geographical impact was minimal (R = 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCompr Rev Food Sci Food Saf
July 2025
School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
Chinese strong-flavor Baijiu (CSFB), one of the most popular categories in the alcoholic beverage market, is supposed to comply with the current industry development trend and achieve mechanization, modernization, and unification of production. Solid-state fermentation in the mud cellar is the fundamental characteristic of CSFB. Pit mud, which provides the necessary conditions for producing the precursors of crucial flavor substances, plays a decisive role in CSFB's characteristics and quality.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPLOS Glob Public Health
June 2025
International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
Globally, 34 million children below 15 years have hearing loss (HL) and while research shows associations between social determinants of health and disability in general, research on the associations between these determinants and HL in children is limited. Therefore, this study sought to examine the association between social determinants of health and HL in children using the parental socioeconomic status, such as educational attainment level, employment status and income level, non-medical determinants of health (rurality, housing, type of toilet, availability of piped drinking water, and exposure to cigarette smoke) as proxy factors for social determinants of health in children. This was a secondary data analysis of a cross-sectional survey conducted with 517 children in South Africa.
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