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Article Abstract
Early stage exposure of foodborne substances, such as brightening agent titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs), can cause long-term effects in adulthood. We aimed to explore the potential adverse effect of long-term dietary intake of TiO NPs. After feeding for 2-3 months from weaning, TiO NPs-exposed mice showed lower body weight and induced intestinal inflammation. However, this phenomenon was not observed in gut microbiota-removed mice. TiO NPs exposure rarely affected the diversity of microbial communities, but significantly decreased the abundance of several probiotic taxa including and . Additionally, TiO NPs aggravated DSS-induced chronic colitis and immune response in vivo, and reduced the population of CD4+T cells, regulatory T cells, and macrophages in mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, dietary TiO NPs could interfere with the balance of immune system and dynamic of gut microbiome, which may result in low-grade intestinal inflammation and aggravated immunological response to external stimulus, thus introducing potential health risk.
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