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Determination of evolutionary mechanisms underlying innovative traits is crucial for understanding the vast diversity of species and phenotypes. Given their respiratory physiologies, fishes are compelling subjects for evolutionary analysis of the hemoprotein-based oxygen-transport systems. Asian noodlefishes (Osmeriformes: Salangidae) and Antarctic icefishes (Notothenioidei: Channichthyidae) are examples of fish clades that generally do not express myoglobin or hemoglobin.
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