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Action potential (AP) propagation in presynaptic axons of the crayfish opener neuromuscular junction (NMJ) was investigated by simultaneously recording from a terminal varicosity and a proximal branch. Although orthodromically conducting APs could be recorded in terminals with amplitudes up to 70 mV, depolarizing steps in terminals to -20 mV or higher failed to fire APs. Patch-clamp recordings did detect Na(+) current (INa) in most terminals. The INa exhibited a high threshold and fast activation rate. Local perfusion of Na(+)-free saline showed that terminal INa contributed to AP waveform by slightly accelerating the rising phase and increasing the peak amplitude. These findings suggest that terminal INa functions to "touch up" but not to generate APs.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00959.2015 | DOI Listing |
Arq Bras Cardiol
September 2025
Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brasil.
Targeted temperature management (TTM) is currently the only potentially neuroprotective intervention recommended for post-cardiac arrest care. However, there are concerns among the scientific community regarding conflicting evidence supporting this recommendation. Moreover, the bulk of trials included in systematic reviews that inform guidelines and recommendations have been conducted in developed countries, with case mix and patient characteristics that significantly differ from the reality of developing countries such as Brazil.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Commun (Camb)
September 2025
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
Hard carbon (HC) has emerged as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to its low cost, abundant renewable resources, and high specific capacity. However, its practical application is significantly hindered by the severe initial irreversible capacity loss resulting from sodium consumption during the first cycle. To address this issue, a variety of presodiation strategies have been developed to compensate for the sodium loss and improve the initial coulombic efficiency.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Transforming Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) recommendations into computer readable language is a complex and ongoing process that requires significant resources, including time, expertise, and funds. The objective is to provide an extension of the widely used GIN-McMaster Guideline Development Checklist (GDC) and Tool for the development of computable guidelines (CGs).
Methods: Based on an outcome from the Human Centered Design (HCD) workshop hosted by the Guidelines International Network North America (GIN-NA), a team was formed to develop the checklist extension.
Chem Sci
September 2025
College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 P. R. China
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to abundant resources and cost-effectiveness. However, cathode materials face persistent challenges in structural stability, ion kinetics, and cycle life. This review highlights the transformative potential of high-entropy (HE) strategies that leveraging multi-principal element synergies to address these limitations entropy-driven mechanisms.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Neuroendocrinol
September 2025
Center for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
The maintenance of extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality and sodium concentration ([Na]) near optimal "set point" values sustains physiological functions and prevents pathological states such as hypo- and hypernatremia. The peptide hormones vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin (a natriuretic hormone in rats) play key roles in this process. These hormones are synthesized by hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) that project to the neurohypophysis and are released into the systemic circulation in response to rises in ECF osmolality or [Na].
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