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Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), a rare wild medicinal animal, is listed under the category of the state key protected wildlife list of China. Musk, secreted by the musk glands, is with high economic and medicinal value and used as precious traditional medicine in China. In order to meet the needs of musk in Chinese traditional medicine, forest musk deer farming was conducted in 1950s, but the research progress on musk secretion mechanism was slow. Therefore, by reviewing the histological and anatomical structure of forest musk deer musk gland, the relationship between sex hormones and the musk secretion process, and the molecular mechanism of the musk secretion, the existing problems in investigating the musk secretion mechanism were analyzed and the development trends in this field were also discussed, in order to provide a reference for further studies on the musk secretion mechanism and improve musk production of forest musk deer.
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Sci Rep
August 2025
Spine Center, Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 415th Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China.
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of chronic low back pain, the mechanism of which is still unclear. Inflammation-induced extracellular matrix metabolism (ECM) dysregulation in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and NP cell senescence are known to be the key causes of IDD. However, few drugs can reliably alleviate ECM dysregulation and NP cell senescence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Neuroimmunol
October 2025
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterised by fatigable muscle weakness. The disease is caused by autoantibodies targeting components of the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, which are identifiable in 90 % of cases. The most well-known and best-characterised of these is acetylcholine-receptor (AChR) antibody, which is present in approximately 50 % of ocular and 85 % of generalised MG patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Immunol
August 2025
Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Purpose: This study summarized the clinical and immunological characteristics of patients with muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) antibody-positive myasthenia gravis (MG), compared their difference with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody-positive MG, and evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in MuSK-MG.
Methods: This study included 10 MuSK-MG patients and 10 new-onset AChR-MG patients. Clinical and immunological data were collected from medical records before RTX treatment.
Free Radic Biol Med
November 2025
Department of Neurology, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, China; Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Souther
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with no currently available effective treatments. Muscone is a bioactive compound extracted from musk, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, that has demonstrated notable pharmacological properties and is considered beneficial for various models of neurological disorders. However, no studies have in vestigated the potential link between muscone and PD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFToxicol Appl Pharmacol
October 2025
Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China. Electronic address:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and chronic joint condition marked by the deterioration of cartilage, osteophyte formation, and synovial inflammation (synovitis), severely impairing physical function and quality of life. The synovitis is crucial for initiation and exacerbation of OA. Muscone, the main bioactive compound found in musk, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects.
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