Article Synopsis
- Encyrtidae parasitoids are crucial natural enemies of soft scale insects and play a significant role in biological control.
- Understanding the biology and ecology of these parasitoids, as well as their interactions with soft scale insects, is essential for effective management.
- Factors such as host size, phenology, and the relationship with other species like ants influence their ability to control soft scale populations.
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Article Abstract
Parasitoids of the hymenopterous family Encyrtidae are one of the most important groups of natural enemies of soft scale insects and have been used extensively in biological control. We summarize existing knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavior of these parasitoids and how it relates to biological control. Soft scale stage/size and phenology are important determinants of host range and host utilization, which are key aspects in understanding how control by these parasitoids is exerted. Furthermore, the nutritional ecology of encyrtids and their physiological interactions with their hosts affect soft scale insect population dynamics. Lastly, the interactions among encyrtids, heteronomous parasitoids, and ants shape parasitoid species complexes and consequently have a direct impact on the biological control of soft scale insects.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021053 | DOI Listing |
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