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A minimal RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription system comprises the polymerase and five general transcription factors (GTFs) TFIIB, -D, -E, -F, and -H. The addition of Mediator enables a response to regulatory factors. The GTFs are required for promoter recognition and the initiation of transcription. Following initiation, pol II alone is capable of RNA transcript elongation and of proofreading. Structural studies reviewed here reveal roles of GTFs in the initiation process and shed light on the transcription elongation mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA Polymerase II Transcript Elongation.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.09.003 | DOI Listing |
Genes Dev
September 2025
Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA;
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are transcribed by during enhancer activation but are typically rapidly degraded in the nucleus. During states of reduced RNA surveillance, however, eRNAs and other similar "noncoding" RNAs (including, e.g.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrobes Environ
September 2025
Sustainable Process Engineering Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya.
Nitrifying communities in activated sludge play a crucial role in biological nitrogen removal processes in municipal wastewater treatment plants. While extensive research has been conducted in temperate regions, limited information is available on nitrifiers in tropical regions. The present study investigated all currently known nitrifying communities in two full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants in Malaysia operated under low-dissolved oxygen (DO) (0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGenes Genet Syst
September 2025
Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University.
In most eubacteria the initiator protein DnaA triggers chromosomal replication by forming an initiation complex at the origin of replication and also functions as a transcriptional regulator, coordinating gene expression with cell cycle progression. While DnaA-regulated genes are relatively well characterized in exponentially growing cells, its role in gene regulation during stationary phase remains insufficiently explored. Here, using an aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus as a model, we show that C.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiabetes Metab J
September 2025
Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Key Lab of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan, Changsha, China.
Background: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) is the third cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury and diabetes mellitus (DM) was identified as a risk factor for CIAKI. However, the molecular mechanism underlying DM-CIAKI remains unclear, which needs further investigation.
Methods: DM-CIAKI models of mice and cells were established.