Noninvasive cell-based impedance spectroscopy for real-time probing inhibitory effects of graphene derivatives.

Three water-dispersible graphene derivatives, graphene oxide (GO), sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO), and sulfonated graphene (SG), were prepared and probed for their plausible cytotoxicity by non-invasive electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). With Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells adhered on gold microelectrodes as an active interface, it is feasible to monitor changes in impedance upon exposure to different graphene derivatives. Sf9 insect cells were then exposed to different concentrations of graphene derivatives and their spreading and viability were monitored and quantified by ECIS in real-time. On the basis of the 50% inhibition concentration (ECIS50), none of the graphene derivatives were judged to have any significant cytotoxicity with respect to the chosen cell line as the ECIS50 values were all above 100 μg/mL. However, all graphene derivatives exhibited inhibitory effects on the Sf9 response at the cell spreading level with the following order: SG (ECIS50 = 121 ± 8 μg/mL), SGO (ECIS50 = 151 ± 9 μg/mL), and GO (ECIS50 = 232 ± 27 μg/mL), reflecting differences observed in their ζ-potential and surface area. The presence of phenyl sulfonyl groups in SGO and SG improves their aqueous dispersity which enables these materials to have a greater inhibitory effect on Sf9 insect cells in comparison to GO. Such results were corroborated well with the cell count and viability by the Trypan Blue exclusion assay.