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Two kinds of representative polymers, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were selected and modified with azide and alkyne fucntional groups, respectively. When the solutions of these two modified polymers were mixed together, a cross-linking reaction, a type of Huisgen's 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition, occurred in the presence of Cu(I) catalyst. The strategy described here provides several advantages for the hydrogel formation including mild reaction conditions and controllable gelation rate. The resulted hydrogels were studied in terms of scanning electric microscopy (SEM), equilibrium swelling ratio and swelling/shrinking kinetics. The data obtained demonstrated the hydrogels had a porous structure as well as favorable thermosensitivity.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200800671 | DOI Listing |
Sci Adv
September 2025
Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system regulates arousal and awakening; however, it remains unclear whether the LC does this in a global or circuit-specific manner. We hypothesized that sensory-evoked awakenings are predominantly regulated by specific LC-NE efferent pathways. Anatomical, physiological, and functional modularities of LC-NE pathways involving the mouse basal forebrain (BF) and pontine reticular nucleus (PRN) were tested.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrg Biomol Chem
September 2025
Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
Zinc(II) bis(triazolyl)(pyridyl)amine (Zn(BTPA)) complexes on the end of α-amino-iso-butyric acid (Aib) foldamers are able to transfer chirality from bound anions to the helical foldamer body. Zn(BTPA) could be obtained by simple synthetic methodology that allowed a range of functional groups to be installed around the binding site, exemplified with a fluorophore, a macrocyclic bridge and Aib itself. Changing functional group did not prevent chiral ligands from controlling foldamer conformation, although differences in complexation kinetics and equilibria were observed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Chem
September 2025
Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
[2,1]-Azaboranaphthalenes represent unique boron-nitrogen (BN) isosteres of naphthalenes, attracting interest for the development of molecules with enhanced therapeutic potency. The existing synthetic strategies are generally two-component reactions with harsh conditions. Here we report an organocatalysed three-component modular synthesis of ring-fused BN isosteres and BN-2,1-azaboranaphthalenes following ring expansion of unstrained cyclic ketones (n = 4-8) via Wolff-type rearrangement.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Org Chem
September 2025
School of Chemical and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin D07 EWV4, Ireland.
A series of unsymmetrically substituted BODIPY dyes featuring fused benzo- or naphtho-fragments on one pyrrolic unit were synthesized from the corresponding pyrrolic precursors. The synthetic route was optimized using a modular approach based on the condensation of formylpyrroles with alkylpyrroles, enabling the identification of precursor combinations that minimize byproduct formation and improve preparative yields. The resulting benzo- and naphtho-fused BODIPYs display intense fluorescence in the red region, with emission maxima spanning 590-680 nm and fluorescence quantum yields ranging from 0.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrief Bioinform
August 2025
College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China.
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH), characterized by diverse phenotypes and complex mechanisms, remains a critical challenge in drug discovery. To systematically decode this diversity and complexity, we propose a multi-dimensional computational framework integrating molecular structure analysis with disease pathogenesis exploration, focusing on drug-induced intrahepatic cholestasis (DIIC) as a representative DIH subtype. First, a graph-based modularity maximization algorithm identified DIIC risk genes, forming a DIIC module and eight disease pathogenesis clusters.
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