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Hydrogels of poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) were prepared using different reaction water contents in order to vary the network mesh size, swelling behavior and insulin loading/release kinetics. Gels prepared with greater reaction solvent contents swelled to a greater degree and had a larger network mesh size. All of the hydrogels were able to incorporate insulin and protected it from release in acidic media. At higher pH (7.4), the release rates increased with reaction solvent content. Using a closed loop animal model, all of the insulin loaded formulations produced significant insulin absorption in the upper small intestine combined with hypoglycemic effects. In these studies, bioavailabilities ranged from 4.6% to 7.2% and were dependent on reaction solvent content.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.022 | DOI Listing |
Org Lett
September 2025
College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China.
A novel copper-catalyzed radical cross-coupling reaction for the thioesterification of polyfluoroarenes is developed using KS and aldehydes in water. This protocol employs a readily available KS as a sulfur source, eliminating the need for hazardous thiols and organic solvents. The mild reaction conditions are compatible with a wide range of functional groups, providing access to diverse polyfluoroaryl thioesters.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOrg Biomol Chem
September 2025
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati, Yerpedu - Venkatagiri Road, Yerpedu Post, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh 517619, India.
A regioselective C2-alkynylation of indoles ruthenium(II)-catalyzed C-H activation using bromoalkynes is demonstrated under both solution-phase and mechanochemical conditions. The solvent-minimized mechanochemical method delivers comparable yields with reduced reaction time and improved green metrics. Broad substrate scope, gram-scale applicability, and post-functionalization showcase the synthetic utility of this approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
September 2025
Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing, 210042, China.
Developing the efficient C─H bond activation carboxylation processes for furoic acid (FA) represents a critical technological challenge in achieving atom-economical synthesis of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Despite notable advancements in this field, the inherent contradiction between the high reactivity of furan rings and the chemical inertness of C─H bonds poses substantial technical bottleneck for achieving controllable C─H carboxylation under mild conditions. Herein, we report a high lattice-distorted MnOx catalyst with surface trench-like structures, wherein the Mn-O-conjugated configurations and electron-rich Mn cooperatively drive FA dehydrogenation and carbon radical reduction, inducing the free radical evolution process (FA→carbon-centered FA radical→FA carbanion), then coupled with solvent-polarized CO to accelerate the carboxylation process.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanoscale
September 2025
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
Precious metal nanomaterials have demonstrated significant advantages in the field of alcohol electro-catalytic oxidation. In this study, the inexpensive main group metals lead (Pb) and platinum (Pt) have been innovatively selected to construct an alloy catalyst. By employing the solvent-thermal method, PtPb nanoparticles with a well-defined crystalline structure were successfully synthesized, exhibiting excellent performance.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChem Commun (Camb)
September 2025
Inorganic Chemistry I Institute, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
Herein, we report a solid-state polycyclotrimerization of 1,4-diethynylbenzene using mechanochemical activation in a ball mill, yielding a highly porous and hydrophobic hyperbranched polymer (HBP) with a specific surface area of up to 570 m g. The reaction, catalyzed by Fe(hmds) and conducted under solvent-free conditions, was optimized by varying milling time and frequency. This method enables the efficient synthesis of insoluble, porous organic polymers with high yields (up to 95%) and offers an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solution-based polymerizations.
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