Cryo-EM structures of human OAT1 reveal drug binding and inhibition mechanisms.

The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) plays a key role in excreting waste from organic drug metabolism and contributes significantly to drug-drug interactions and drug disposition. However, the structural basis of specific substrate and inhibitor transport by human OAT1 (hOAT1) has remained elusive. We determined four cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of hOAT1 in its inward-facing conformation: the apo form, the substrate (olmesartan)-bound form with different anions, and the inhibitor (probenecid)-bound form.

Formulation and Bioequivalence Evaluation of a Miniaturized Fexofenadine Hydrochloride Tablet.

Fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEX) is widely used to treat allergic rhinitis. However, poor solubility, high cohesiveness, and risk of polymorphic transformation present significant formulation challenges. Conventional FEX tablet formulations are large and may pose swallowing difficulties for patients with dysphagia.

Moving Rubber Blade (MRB) for Fouling Control in Anaerobic Ceramic Membrane Bioreactors (AnCMBRs) Treating High-Strength Food Wastewater: Development and Long-Term Application.

This study investigates membrane fouling control in a submerged anaerobic ceramic membrane bioreactor (AnCMBR) treating high-strength food wastewater (chemical oxygen demand (COD): 10-30 g/L). A hybrid strategy combining mechanical cleaning via a moving rubber blade (MRB) (termed anaerobic ceramic blade MBR (AnCBMBR)) with intermittent salt-assisted backwash (SAB) was tested to manage transmembrane pressure (TMP) and sustain treatment performance. During more than 300 days of field operation, MRB alone maintained stable TMP below 0.

Stepwise Administration of Bone-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles Encapsulating Valproic Acid and TUDCA Facilitates In Vivo Direct Reprogramming for Osteoporosis Treatment.

Background: The ultimate goal of regenerative medicine is to restore damaged tissues to a healthy state in the body. Direct reprogramming, also referred to as transdifferentiation, holds significant therapeutic potential by converting abundant somatic cells, such as fibroblasts, into functionally distinct cell types for tissue regeneration. Despite its potential applications in regenerative medicine, direct reprogramming faces major challenges, including low efficiency and poor In vivo applicability.

The paradoxical role of rock-salt phases in high-nickel cathode stabilization: engineering a detrimental structure into a beneficial structure.

The surface phase formation of rock-salt in high-nickel layered oxide cathodes has conventionally been considered detrimental to electrochemical performance. Recent investigations, however, have revealed a more nuanced understanding wherein controlled formation of rock-salt phases during synthesis paradoxically enhances structural stability. This review critically examines the evolving paradigm of rock-salt formation in LiNiCoMnO ( ≥ 0.

Frequency-comb-referenced multiwavelength interferometry for high-precision and high-speed 3D measurement in heterogeneous semiconductor packaging.

As Moore's law approaches its physical limits, the semiconductor industry has begun to focus on improving I/O density and power efficiency through 2.5D/3D packaging. Heterogeneous integration, which combines integrated circuit blocks from different linewidth processes into a single package, is central to these developments.

Preparation of Carrier-Free Inhalable Dry Powder of Rivaroxaban Using Two-Step Milling for Lung-Targeted Delivery.

: This study aimed to develop a dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulation of rivaroxaban (RVX) using a combination of bead milling (BM) and jet milling (JM) to enhance lung-targeted delivery for the effective treatment of pulmonary embolism while minimizing systemic exposure. : A carrier-free DPI formulation of RVX was developed using sequential BM and JM, with L-leucine incorporated at various concentrations (1%, 5%, and 10%) as a force control agent. The formulations were characterized for particle morphology, size distribution, crystallinity, and thermal properties.

Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Mechano-Electrochemical Generator for Ultralow-Frequency Ocean Wave Monitoring.

Ultralow-frequency waves contain crucial information related to natural disasters; however, conventional technologies are limited in their ability to measure them accurately. To address this challenge, a novel vertically aligned CNT mechano-eletrochemical generator is proposed that generates electrical energy via fluctuation in the electrode-electrolyte interface. This generator utilizes ion movement based on electrochemical interactions, enabling it to generate electrical energy even in ultralow-frequency environments like ocean waves.

Transformative Effect of Li Salt for Proactively Mitigating Interfacial Side Reactions in Sodium-Ion Batteries.

The robust respective formations of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and pillar at the surfaces of hard carbon and O3-type positive electrodes are the consequences of integrating LiPF salt into a sodium-ion battery electrolyte that considerably strengthens both interfaces of positive and negative electrodes. The improvement of cycle performances due to the formation of highly passivating SEI on the hard carbon electrode is induced by the alternated solvation structure following the addition of Li salt, which inhibits sodium-ion and electron leakage from further electrolyte decomposition. The SEI with incorporated Li is less soluble than Na-based SEI, and the passivation ability of the initially formed SEI can thus be well preserved.

In Situ Transfer of Laser-Induced Graphene Electronics for Multifunctional Smart Windows.

The ascent of internet of things (IoT) technology has increased the demand for glass electronics. However, the production of glass electronics necessitates complicated processes, including conductive materials coating and chemical vapor deposition, which entail the use of additional chemicals. Consequently, this raises environmental apprehensions concerning chemical and electronic waste.

Hepatic immune-related adverse event increased the overall survival of patients with malignancies treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Background And Aim: Associations between the occurrence of abnormal liver function tests, an immune-related adverse event (irAE) caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and treatment efficacy are unclear. We investigated the association between the incidence of these hepatic irAE occurrences and treatment response in patients treated with ICIs.

Methods: We studied 924 patients treated with ICIs to determine the relationship between the incidence of irAEs and overall survival (OS) with and without the continuation of ICIs due to hepatic irAEs.

Association of clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential with myocardial characteristic differences in non-ischemic heart failure.

Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is an aging process associated with the prognosis in heart failure (HF), regardless of etiology. This study investigated the association between CHIP and myocardial tissue characteristics in patients with non-ischemic HF. We enrolled 95 patients diagnosed with non-ischemic HF with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40 % who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 3 months of diagnosis.

Risk of Mental Disorders in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Retrospective Cohort Study of a Korean Nationwide Population-Based Cohort.

Purpose: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common gynecological endocrine conditions, affecting both the physical and mental health, and the quality of life of women. PCOS was associated with diverse mental disorders but studies in Korean populations were limited. This study aims to investigate the risk of mental disorders in PCOS patients in Korea.

Enhanced biocidal efficacy of alcohol based disinfectants with salt additives.

Surfaces contaminated with pathogens pose a significant risk of disease transmission and infection. Alcohol-based disinfectants are widely utilized to decontaminate high-touch areas across various settings. However, their limited antimicrobial activity and the emergence of alcohol-tolerant strains necessitate the development of highly efficient disinfectant formulations.

Automation and Optimization of Food Process Using CNN and Six-Axis Robotic Arm.

The Food Process Robot Intelligent System (FPRIS) integrates a 3D-printed six-axis robotic arm with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer Vision (CV) to optimize and automate the coffee roasting process. As an application of FPRIS coffee roasting, this system uses a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify coffee beans inside the roaster and control the roaster in real time, avoiding obstacles and empty spaces. This study demonstrates FPRIS's capability to precisely control the Degree of Roasting (DoR) by combining gas and image sensor data to assess coffee bean quality.

Frequency comb measurements for 6G terahertz nano/microphotonics and metamaterials.

Next-generation 6G communication holds the potential to revolutionize data transfer, enabling the realization of eXtended Reality (XR) with enhanced sensory experiences. To achieve this, advanced components such as high-performance intensity/phase modulators, waveguides, multiplexers, splitters, combiners, and filters operating in terahertz (THz) regime, specifically within the frequency range of 0.1-1 THz, are essential.

Development of a wastewater based infectious disease surveillance research system in South Korea.

Wastewater-based epidemiology has been used in pathogen surveillance for microorganisms at the community level. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and trends of infectious pathogens in sewage from Yongin city and the relationships between these pathogens and the incidence of infectious diseases in the community. From December 2022 to November 2023, we collected inflow water from six wastewater treatment plants in Yongin city twice a month.

Speckle reduced holographic display system with a jointly optimized rotating phase mask.

Speckle noise degrades image quality in systems with coherent light sources, which must be overcome in holographic displays. In this Letter, we introduce a holographic display system with a rotating phase mask for speckle noise reduction. The rotating phase mask works in a similar way as a conventional rotating diffuser, but its pattern is jointly optimized with the spatial light modulator to maintain the contrast of the reconstructed image.

Mucosal Penetrative Polymeric Micelle Formulations for Insulin Delivery to the Respiratory Tract.

Purpose: Effective mucosal delivery of drugs continues to pose a significant challenge owing to the formidable barrier presented by the respiratory tract mucus, which efficiently traps and clears foreign particulates. The surface characteristics of micelles dictate their ability to penetrate the respiratory tract mucus. In this study, polymeric micelles loaded with insulin (INS) were modified using mucus-penetrative polymers.

Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture modalities for overweight and obesity treatment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of RCTs.

Introduction: The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of obesity have not been assessed. This poses a challenge for clinicians who choose to use acupuncture in the treatment of obesity, as they are unable to prioritize this approach based on outcome variables.

Methods: In May 2024, a literature search of five databases was conducted.