Oxiracetam and physical activity in preventing cognitive decline after stroke: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, commissioned by South Korea's Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, evaluated the effect of oxiracetam for preventing post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and explored potential interaction with physical activity using neuroimaging.

Patients And Methods: Patients at high risk of PSCI, reporting subjective cognitive decline ⩾3 months after stroke, were randomized 1:1 to receive oxiracetam or placebo for 36 weeks. Physical activity was tracked via wrist-worn actigraphy.

A Normative Study of the Trail Making Test-Black and White in the Korean Population.

Objective: Although the Trail Making Test (TMT) is widely used to identify cognitive dysfunction, it has limited utility in cross-cultural contexts due to the use of the English alphabet in a subset of the test. The TMT-Black and White (TMT-B&W) is a newly developed version of the TMT that uses only black and white circles to overcome performance biases among non-English-speaking and illiterate older individuals. The objective of this study was to provide initial normative data for the TMT-B&W from the Korean population and investigate the influence of age, sex, and education level on the time taken to complete the test.

Assessing the Equivalence of Telephone-MoCA and MoCA-22 in Healthy Adults.

Background And Purpose: The Telephone-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) is a remote cognitive screening tool increasingly used in clinical and research contexts. However, its applicability in Korean populations remains underexplored.

Methods: This study examined the equivalence between the T-MoCA and the face-to-face Korean MoCA-22 (K-MoCA-22) in a community-based sample of 113 cognitively normal adults aged 21-91 years.

Effects of Cognitive and Depressive Status on Empathy in Healthy Elderly, Amnestic MCI, and Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type.

Background And Purpose: Empathy comprises cognitive and emotional components. However, the impairments in empathy among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) are not well understood, particularly in the context of depression, which may exacerbate these deficits. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of neurodegeneration and depression on empathetic abilities.

Differential Validity of K-MoCA-22 Compared to K-MoCA-30 and K-MMSE for Screening MCI and Dementia.

Background And Purpose: Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the Telephone-Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T-MoCA) has gained popularity as a remote cognitive screening tool. T-MoCA includes items from the original MoCA (MoCA-30), excluding those requiring visual stimuli, resulting in a maximum score of 22 points. This study aimed to assess whether the T-MoCA items (MoCA-22) demonstrate comparable discriminatory power to MoCA-30 and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in screening for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.

A Comparison of Item Characteristics and Test Information Between the K-MMSE~2:SV and K-MMSE.

Background And Purpose: The Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd edition (K-MMSE~2) was recently released. This study aimed to determine whether the K-MMSE~2: Standard Version (K-MMSE~2:SV) had the same test characteristics as the K-MMSE.

Methods: A total of 1,514 healthy community-based participants aged 19 to 90 years were administered the K-MMSE~2:SV Blue Form along with the language items from the K-MMSE.

Validation of the Short Form of Korean-Everyday Cognition (K-ECog).

Background: Evaluating the activities of daily living (ADL) is an important factor for diagnosing dementia. The Everyday Cognition (ECog) scale was developed to measure ADL changes that were correlated with specific neuropsychological impairments. A short form of the ECog (ECog-12) was also developed, consisting of 12 items, two from each of the six cognitive domains of the ECog.

Effect of Education on Discriminability of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Compared to Mini-Mental State Examination.

Background And Purpose: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) has been known as a screening test for detecting mild cognitive impairment (MCI) better than Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). However, in previous domestic studies, no significant difference was found in the discriminability between MoCA and MMSE. Researchers have suggested that this might be because older Koreans are less educated than older Westerners.

Network impact score is an independent predictor of post-stroke cognitive impairment: A multicenter cohort study in 2341 patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Background: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a common consequence of stroke. Accurate prediction of PSCI risk is challenging. The recently developed network impact score, which integrates information on infarct location and size with brain network topology, may improve PSCI risk prediction.

Measurement of Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) Using Korean-Everyday Cognition (K-ECog) as a Screening Tool: a Feasibility Study.

Background And Purpose: Everyday Cognition (ECog) has been widely used to differentiate individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia from normal elderly individuals. It has also been used to assess subjective cognitive decline (SCD). This study investigated the feasibility of using ECog as a screening measure for SCD in community-dwelling elderly individuals.

A Comparison of the Performance between the 60- and 120-Second Conditions of the Korean-Color Word Stroop Test: Color Reading (K-CWST: CR).

Background And Purpose: The Korean-Color Word Stroop Test: Color Reading (K-CWST: CR) included in the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, 2nd Edition (SNSB-II) examines inhibitory control deficit. It provides normative data for both 60- and 120-second conditions, but the validity of the 60-second condition has not yet been proven. This study examined the validity of the 60-second condition by observing concordance between the performances in cognitively normal, MCI, and mild dementia groups.

Long-Term Cognitive Decline After Stroke: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.

Background: Poststroke cognitive impairment is common, but the trajectory and magnitude of cognitive decline after stroke is unclear. We examined the course and determinants of cognitive change after stroke using individual participant data from the Stroke and Cognition Consortium.

Methods: Nine longitudinal hospital-based cohorts from 7 countries were included.

Strategic Infarct Locations for Poststroke Depressive Symptoms: A Lesion- and Disconnection-Symptom Mapping Study.

Background: Depression is the most common neuropsychiatric complication after stroke. Infarct location is associated with poststroke depressive symptoms (PSDS), but it remains debated which brain structures are critically involved. We performed a large-scale lesion-symptom mapping study to identify infarct locations and white matter disconnections associated with PSDS.

Anatomy of phonemic and semantic fluency: A lesion and disconnectome study in 1231 stroke patients.

Disturbances of semantic and phonemic fluency are common after brain damage, as a manifestation of language, executive, or memory dysfunction. Lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) studies can provide fundamental insights in shared and distinct anatomical correlates of these cognitive functions and help to understand which patients suffer from these deficits. We performed a multivariate support vector regression-based lesion-symptom mapping and structural disconnection study on semantic and phonemic fluency in 1231 patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Index Scores: a Comparison with the Cognitive Domain Scores of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB).

Background And Purpose: A new approach was proposed to score the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) index scores for 6 cognitive domains: orientation (OIS), attention (AIS), language (LIS), visuospatial function (VIS), memory (MIS), and executive function (EIS). This study investigated whether the MoCA index scores represent the functions of each cognitive domain by examining the correlations with the corresponding cognitive domain scores derived from conventional neuropsychological tests included in the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, 2nd Edition (SNSB-II).

Methods: The participants were 104 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), 74 vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI), 73 dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT), and 41 vascular dementia (VaD) patients.

Differential effects of body mass index on domain-specific cognitive outcomes after stroke.

Although the obesity paradox is an important modifiable factor in cardiovascular diseases, little research has been conducted to determine how it affects post-stroke cognitive function. We aimed to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and domain-specific cognitive outcomes, focusing on the subdivision of each frontal domain function in post-ischemic stroke survivors. A total of 335 ischemic stroke patients were included in the study after completion of the Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE) and the vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards neuropsychological protocol at 3 months after stroke.

Strategic infarct locations for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from 12 acute ischaemic stroke cohorts.

Background: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) occurs in approximately half of people in the first year after stroke. Infarct location is a potential determinant of PSCI, but a comprehensive map of strategic infarct locations predictive of PSCI is unavailable. We aimed to identify infarct locations most strongly predictive of PSCI after acute ischaemic stroke and use this information to develop a prediction model.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment on the Mini-Mental State Examination primarily relates to left middle cerebral artery infarcts.

Background: Post-stroke cognitive impairment can occur after damage to various brain regions, and cognitive deficits depend on infarct location. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is still widely used to assess post-stroke cognition, but it has been criticized for capturing only certain cognitive deficits. Along these lines, it might be hypothesized that cognitive deficits as measured with the MMSE primarily involve certain infarct locations.

A Normative Study of the Full Version of Story Memory in the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition: Expanded Version (K-MMSE-2: EV).

Background And Purpose: The Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd edition: Expanded version (MMSE-2: EV) involves an immediate recall (IR) of story memory (SM). A full version of SM has been developed and standardized; it includes delayed recall (DR) and recognition tests in addition to IR to increase its clinical utility as an independent story recall test. This study was conducted to provide norms for the full version of SM in the Korean version of MMSE-2: EV for clinical use.

Erratum to: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of a Therapeutic Intervention Program for Caregivers of People with Dementia.

This corrects the article on p. 235 in vol. 15, PMID: 30938110.

Development and Validation of the Full Version of Story Memory in the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition: Expanded Version (K-MMSE-2: EV).

Background And Purpose: The Korean version of Story Memory (SM) in the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination, 2nd Edition: Expanded Version (K-MMSE-2: EV) was developed. Based on the SM, we additionally developed a full version of SM including delayed recall (DR) and recognition adding to immediate recall (IR). This study aimed to examine the reliabilities and validities of the newly developed SM in the K-MMSE-2: EV and its full version.

Erratum to: A Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of a Therapeutic Intervention Program for Caregivers of People with Dementia.

This corrects the article on p. 235 in vol. 15, PMID: 30938110.