HMGB1 Deficiency Occurs in a Broad Range of Human Cancers and Is Often Associated with Unfavorable Tumor Phenotype.

: Aberrant expression of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) has been linked to cancer development and progression. : To better comprehend the role of HMGB1 expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 14,966 samples from 134 different tumor entities and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. : Strong HMGB1 staining occurred in almost all normal cell types and in most cancers.

High mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) is highly expressed in a broad range of benign and malignant tumors.

High mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) is an essential component of the enhanceosome that regulates gene transcription during organ development, and its re-expression in adult tissues is often linked to tumor formation and progression. To investigate HMGA2's role in cancer, a tissue microarray of 18,582 samples from 154 tumor types and 608 samples from 76 normal tissues was analyzed. HMGA2 expression was generally higher in cancer than in normal tissues.

Reduced occludin expression is related to unfavorable tumor phenotype and poor prognosis in many different tumor types: A tissue microarray study on 16,870 tumors.

Occludin is a key component of tight junctions. Reduced occludin expression has been linked to cancer progression in individual tumor types, but a comprehensive and standardized analysis across human tumor types is lacking. To study the prevalence and clinical relevance of occludin expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 16,870 samples from 148 different tumor types and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Estrogen receptor expression in human tumors: A tissue microarray study evaluating more than 18,000 tumors from 149 different entities.

Estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor with a critical role in development and function of multiple organ systems and a well-established drug target for breast cancer. To comprehensively evaluate ER expression in normal and tumor tissues, a tissue microarray containing 18,560 samples from 149 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). ER positivity was found in 55 different tumor types including 26 entities with at least one strongly positive tumor.

Brachyury expression is highly specific for chordoma: A tissue microarray study involving 14,976 cancers from 135 different tumor types and subtypes.

Brachyury protein plays a role in defining the midline of bilaterian organisms. Commonly expressed in chordomas, brachyury immunohistochemistry is used to distinguish chordomas from their differential diagnoses. However, brachyury expression has also been described to frequently occur in other cancer entities.

Prevalence and clinical significance of Claudin-3 expression in cancer: a tissue microarray study on 14,966 tumor samples.

Background: Claudin-3 (CLDN3) participates in the formation of the tight-junctions (TJs) that regulate intercellular permeability. Altered CLDN3 expression has been linked to tumor progression in multiple tumor types. Despite its widespread expression in normal epithelial cells, CLDN3 is considered an attractive drug target candidate, since it may be more accessible in cancer cells than in normal cells due to their less orchestrated cell growth.

Cadherin-16 (CDH16) immunohistochemistry: a useful diagnostic tool for renal cell carcinoma and papillary carcinomas of the thyroid.

Cadherin-16 (CDH16) plays a role in the embryonal development in kidney and thyroid. Downregulation of CDH16 RNA was found in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. To determine the expression of CDH16 in tumors and to assess the diagnostic utility a tissue microarray containing 15,584 samples from 152 different tumor types as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed.

Inhibin Alpha Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on 12,212 Tumors.

As a result of its expression in corresponding normal cell types, inhibin alpha (INHA) is used as an immunohistochemical marker for adrenocortical neoplasms and testicular or ovarian sex cord stromal tumors. However, other tumors can also express INHA. To comprehensively determine INHA expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 15,012 samples from 134 different tumor types and subtypes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Large-scale human tissue analysis identifies Uroplakin 1a as a putative diagnostic marker for urothelial cancer.

Uroplakin 1A (Upk1a) protein is relevant for stabilizing and strengthening urothelial cells and helps to prevent them from rupturing during bladder distension. Based on RNA expression data Upk1a is expressed in a limited number of normal tissues and tumors. To comprehensively evaluate the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of Upk1a immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 6929 samples from 115 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed.

Large-scale human tissue analysis identifies Uroplakin 1b as a putative diagnostic marker in surgical pathology.

Uroplakin 1B (Upk1b) stabilizes epithelial cells lining the bladder lumen to prevent rupturing during bladder distension. Little is known about Upk1b expression in other normal and malignant tissues. To comprehensively evaluate the potential diagnostic and prognostic utility of Upk1b expression analysis, a tissue microarray containing 14,061 samples from 127 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Marked Prognostic Impact of Minimal Lymphatic Tumor Spread in Prostate Cancer.

Background: Nodal metastasis (N1) is a strong prognostic parameter in prostate cancer; however, lymph node evaluation is always incomplete.

Objective: To study the prognostic value of lymphatic invasion (L1) and whether it might complement or even replace lymph node analysis in clinical practice.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Retrospective analysis of pathological and clinical data from 14 528 consecutive patients.

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1/Ref-1) overexpression is an independent prognostic marker in prostate cancer without TMPRSS2:ERG fusion.

Polymorphisms of the base excision repair gene APE1 may be associated with an increased risk for developing prostate cancer. In other cancer types, altered APE1 protein expression is a candidate prognostic marker. Using immunohistochemistry, we thus analyzed APE1 expression in 9763 prostate cancers in a tissue microarray (TMA) with attached clinical and molecular data.

Integrating Tertiary Gleason 5 Patterns into Quantitative Gleason Grading in Prostate Biopsies and Prostatectomy Specimens.

Background: Presence of small (tertiary) Gleason 5 pattern is linked to a higher risk of biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. It is unclear, however, how to integrate small Gleason 5 elements into clinically relevant Gleason grade groups.

Objective: To analyze the prognostic impact of Gleason 5 patterns in prostate cancer and to develop a method for integrating tertiary Gleason 5 patterns into a quantitative Gleason grading system.

Clinical Utility of Quantitative Gleason Grading in Prostate Biopsies and Prostatectomy Specimens.

Background: Gleason grading is the strongest prognostic parameter in prostate cancer. Gleason grading is categorized as Gleason ≤ 6, 3 + 4, 4 + 3, 8, and 9-10, but there is variability within these subgroups. For example, Gleason 4 components may range from 5-45% in a Gleason 3 + 4 = 7 cancer.