HMGB1 Deficiency Occurs in a Broad Range of Human Cancers and Is Often Associated with Unfavorable Tumor Phenotype.

: Aberrant expression of high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) has been linked to cancer development and progression. : To better comprehend the role of HMGB1 expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 14,966 samples from 134 different tumor entities and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. : Strong HMGB1 staining occurred in almost all normal cell types and in most cancers.

Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on More than 14,000 Tumors.

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) regulates the transcription of thousands of genes. In cancer, both oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of GR have been proposed. : A tissue microarray containing 18,527 samples from 147 tumor (sub-)types and 608 samples from 76 normal tissue types was analyzed for GR expression by immunohistochemistry.

MTAP deficiency is highly homogeneous in advanced, muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Complete expression loss of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is caused by homozygous 9p21 deletion and results in a critical vulnerability of cancer cells towards drugs targeting multiple different pathways. MTAP deficiency is common in urothelial cancer, but data on its intratumoral heterogeneity-a potential obstacle for targeted therapies-are lacking. To study the heterogeneity of MTAP expression loss and 9p21 deletions in advanced primary urothelial cancers of the urinary bladder, a tissue microarray (TMA) composed of five different tissue spots from different tissue blocks of 105 pT2-4 urothelial carcinomas was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH).

High mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) is highly expressed in a broad range of benign and malignant tumors.

High mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) is an essential component of the enhanceosome that regulates gene transcription during organ development, and its re-expression in adult tissues is often linked to tumor formation and progression. To investigate HMGA2's role in cancer, a tissue microarray of 18,582 samples from 154 tumor types and 608 samples from 76 normal tissues was analyzed. HMGA2 expression was generally higher in cancer than in normal tissues.

Deficiency of MTAP Is Frequent and Mostly Homogeneous in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas.

Background: The complete loss of S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) expression, often due to homozygous 9p21 deletion, creates a druggable vulnerability in cancer cells.

Methods: A total of 769 primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas were analyzed on tissue microarrays with MTAP immunohistochemistry (IHC) and 9p21 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Intratumoral heterogeneity was assessed on a "heterogeneity" TMA containing up to nine samples from different areas of 236 primary tumor and nodal metastases, and whole sections of all tumor blocks from 19 cancers.

Reduced occludin expression is related to unfavorable tumor phenotype and poor prognosis in many different tumor types: A tissue microarray study on 16,870 tumors.

Occludin is a key component of tight junctions. Reduced occludin expression has been linked to cancer progression in individual tumor types, but a comprehensive and standardized analysis across human tumor types is lacking. To study the prevalence and clinical relevance of occludin expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 16,870 samples from 148 different tumor types and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Estrogen receptor expression in human tumors: A tissue microarray study evaluating more than 18,000 tumors from 149 different entities.

Estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor with a critical role in development and function of multiple organ systems and a well-established drug target for breast cancer. To comprehensively evaluate ER expression in normal and tumor tissues, a tissue microarray containing 18,560 samples from 149 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). ER positivity was found in 55 different tumor types including 26 entities with at least one strongly positive tumor.

Brachyury expression is highly specific for chordoma: A tissue microarray study involving 14,976 cancers from 135 different tumor types and subtypes.

Brachyury protein plays a role in defining the midline of bilaterian organisms. Commonly expressed in chordomas, brachyury immunohistochemistry is used to distinguish chordomas from their differential diagnoses. However, brachyury expression has also been described to frequently occur in other cancer entities.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on 13,725 Tumors.

Background/objectives: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cell-surface glycoprotein serving as a drug target, diagnostic marker, and serum marker for cancer monitoring. However, prevalence data on CEA expression in cancer tissues vary considerably. This study was designed to determine CEA expression in normal and neoplastic tissues.

Prevalence and clinical significance of Claudin-3 expression in cancer: a tissue microarray study on 14,966 tumor samples.

Background: Claudin-3 (CLDN3) participates in the formation of the tight-junctions (TJs) that regulate intercellular permeability. Altered CLDN3 expression has been linked to tumor progression in multiple tumor types. Despite its widespread expression in normal epithelial cells, CLDN3 is considered an attractive drug target candidate, since it may be more accessible in cancer cells than in normal cells due to their less orchestrated cell growth.

Expression of Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1) in Cancer: A Tissue Microarray Study Involving 18,878 Tumors.

Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) plays a role in the mucus barrier. To evaluate the prevalence of TFF1 expression in cancer, a tissue microarray containing 18,878 samples from 149 tumor types and 608 samples of 76 normal tissue types was analyzed through immunohistochemistry (IHC). TFF1 staining was detectable in 65 of 149 tumor categories.

Stimulator of Interferon Genes Protein (STING) Expression in Cancer Cells: A Tissue Microarray Study Evaluating More than 18,000 Tumors from 139 Different Tumor Entities.

Stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING) activates the immune response in inflammatory cells. STING expression in cancer cells is less well characterized, but STING agonists are currently being evaluated as anticancer drugs. A tissue microarray containing 18,001 samples from 139 different tumor types was analyzed for STING by immunohistochemistry.

KLK7 expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 13,447 tumors.

Background: Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease which is essential for the desquamation of corneocytes and thus plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin homeostasis. In cancer, KLK7 overexpression was suggested to represent a route for metastasis through cleavage of cell junction and extracellular matrix proteins of cancer cells.

Methods: To comprehensively determine KLK7 protein expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, a tissue microarray containing 13,447 samples from 147 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) Expression in Human Tumors: A Comparison with Pan-Cytokeratin and TROP2 in 14,832 Tumors.

EpCAM is expressed in many epithelial tumors and is used for the distinction of malignant mesotheliomas from adenocarcinomas and as a surrogate pan-epithelial marker. A tissue microarray containing 14,832 samples from 120 different tumor categories was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. EpCAM staining was compared with TROP2 and CKpan.

Staining pattern of specific and cross-reacting Melan-A antibodies: A comparative study on 15,840 samples from 133 human tumor types.

The Melan-A (melanocyte antigen) protein, also termed 'melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1' (MART-1) is a protein with unknown function whose expression is specific for the melanocyte lineage. Antibodies against Melan-A are thus used for identifying melanocytic tumors, but some Melan-A antibodies show an additional - diagnostically useful - cross-reactivity against an unspecified protein involved in corticosteroid hormone synthesis. To comprehensively compare the staining patterns of a specific and a cross-reactive Melan-A antibody in normal and neoplastic tissues, tissue microarrays containing 15,840 samples from 133 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Is a Useful Marker for Sex-Cord-Stroma Tumors and Normal and Neoplastic Adrenocortical Tissue.

Context.—: Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is a mitochondrial transport protein with a critical regulatory role for steroid hormone production. The tissue distribution of StAR expression is limited to few human normal tissues.

Prostein expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 19,202 tumors from 152 different Tumor entities.

Background: Prostein (P501S), also termed solute carrier family 45 member 3 (SLC45A3) is an androgen regulated protein which is preferentially expressed in prostate epithelial cells. Because of its frequent expression in prostate cancer, prostein was suggested a diagnostic prostate cancer marker.

Methods: In order to comprehensively assess the diagnostic utility of prostein immunohistochemistry, a tissue microarray containing 19,202 samples from 152 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

CELA3B immunostaining is a highly specific marker for acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas.

Chymotrypsin-like elastase family member 3B (CELA3B, elastase-3B) is a pancreatic enzyme with digestive function in the intestine. Since RNA analyses of normal tissues suggest that CELA3B expression is limited to the pancreas, the potential diagnostic utility of CELA3B immunohistochemistry for the distinction of pancreatic from extrapancreatic cancers and in the distinction of acinar cell carcinoma from ductal adenocarcinoma was assessed. CELA3B expression was successfully analyzed in 13,223 tumor samples from 132 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 8 samples each of 76 different normal tissue types by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format (TMA).

GATA3 Expression in Human Tumors: A Tissue Microarray Study on 16,557 Tumors.

Introduction: GATA3 is a transcription factor involved in epithelial cell differentiation. GATA3 immunostaining is used as a diagnostic marker for breast and urothelial cancer but can also occur in other neoplasms.

Methods: To evaluate GATA3 in normal and tumor tissues, a tissue microarray containing 16,557 samples from 131 different tumor types and subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.