Safety and immunogenicity of the invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS)-GMMA vaccine: a first-in-human, randomised, dose escalation trial.

Background: Invasive non-typhoid Salmonella (iNTS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. We assess the safety and immunogenicity of an outer membrane vesicle vaccine (iNTS-GMMA) derived from the two most common serovars, S. Enteritidis (SEn) and S.

An Update on the Clinical Management of HIV and Tuberculosis Co-Infection in Pregnancy: TB Preventative Therapy, Long-Acting ARVs, and Bedaquiline-Based Regimens.

Purpose: This update addresses HIV/TB co-infection management in pregnancy, focusing on new treatment options.

Recent Findings: Pregnancy with HIV increases TB risk and worsens treatment outcomes. While long-acting antiretroviral therapies (LA-ART) like cabotegravir/rilpivirine and lenacapavir exist, data on their safety and efficacy in pregnant individuals are limited.

Providing personalised care for people with tuberculosis: an evaluation of enhanced case management in a UK TB Network 2013 to 2021.

Objectives: Evaluating the outcomes of enhanced case management (ECM) for patients with tuberculosis (TB) in the North Central London TB Service (NCLTBS).

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: The NCLTBS provides care for persons diagnosed with TB across north and central London.

A new neonatal BCG vaccination pathway in England: a mixed methods evaluation of its implementation.

Introduction: The introduction of a national evaluation of newborn screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in England triggered a change to the selective Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination programme delivery pathway, as this live attenuated vaccine is contraindicated in infants with SCID. The neonatal BCG vaccination programme is a targeted programme for infants at increased risk of tuberculosis and used to be offered shortly after birth. Since September 2021 the BCG vaccine is given to eligible infants within 28 days of birth, when the SCID screening outcome is available.

Improving Equity in Urban Immunization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Qualitative Document Review.

Introduction: As the world continues to urbanize, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, understanding the barriers and effective interventions to improve urban immunization equity is critical to achieving both Immunization Agenda 2030 targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. Approximately 25 million children missed one or more doses of the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP3) vaccine in 2021 and it is estimated that close to 30% of the world's children missing the first dose of DTP, known as zero-dose, live in urban and peri-urban settings.

Methods: The aim of this research is to improve understanding of urban immunization equity through a qualitative review of mixed method studies, urban immunization strategies and funding proposals across more than 70 urban areas developed between 2016 and 2020, supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

Using ISARIC 4C mortality score to predict dynamic changes in mortality risk in COVID-19 patients during hospital admission.

As SARS-CoV-2 infections continue to cause hospital admissions around the world, there is a continued need to accurately assess those at highest risk of death to guide resource use and clinical management. The ISARIC 4C mortality score provides mortality risk prediction at admission to hospital based on demographic and physiological parameters. Here we evaluate dynamic use of the 4C score at different points following admission.

What is the cost of delivering routine vaccinations at GP practices in England? A comparative time-driven activity-based costing analysis.

: The expansion of available vaccines in recent years has increased the overall costs of the vaccine program and put pressure on providers responsible for vaccination. In England in 2016-17, GP practices responsible for vaccinating their local population were paid £227 million. However, the costs to general practice of delivering the program and the factors influencing these costs are unknown.

Vaccination in England: a review of why business as usual is not enough to maintain coverage.

Background: The vaccine system in England underwent radical changes in 2013 following the implementation of the Health and Social Care Act. There have since been multi-year decreases in coverage of many vaccines. Healthcare professionals have reported finding the new system fragmented and challenging.

A process evaluation of how the routine vaccination programme is implemented at GP practices in England.

Background: In recent years, the incidence of several pathogens of public health importance (measles, mumps, pertussis and rubella) has increased in Europe, leading to outbreaks. This has included England, where GP practices implement the vaccination programme based on government guidance. However, there has been no study of how implementation takes place, which makes it difficult to identify organisational variation and thus limits the ability to recommend interventions to improve coverage.

Extracting general practice data for timely vaccine coverage estimates: The England experience.

In England, primary care providers use standardised coding systems to record health events such as vaccination as well as patient characteristics. This information can be automatically extracted to estimate coverage for vaccine programmes delivered through primary care, in the general population as well as in specific geographical, ethnic, age or clinical groups. This system provides timely vaccine coverage estimates as well as the flexibility to extract tailored data in order to directly inform a continuously evolving national vaccine programme.

Immunization, urbanization and slums - a systematic review of factors and interventions.

Background: In 2014, over half (54%) of the world's population lived in urban areas and this proportion will increase to 66% by 2050. This urbanizing trend has been accompanied by an increasing number of people living in urban poor communities and slums. Lower immunization coverage is found in poorer urban dwellers in many contexts.

The International Finance Facility for Immunisation: stakeholders' perspectives.

Objective: To evaluate stakeholders' understanding and opinions of the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm); to identify factors affecting funding levels; and to explore the future use of IFFIm.

Methods: Between July and September 2015, we interviewed 33 individuals from 25 organizations identified as stakeholders in IFFIm. In total 22.

Interventions to reduce inequalities in vaccine uptake in children and adolescents aged <19 years: a systematic review.

Background: In high-income countries, substantial differences exist in vaccine uptake relating to socioeconomic status, gender, ethnic group, geographic location and religious belief. This paper updates a 2009 systematic review on effective interventions to decrease vaccine uptake inequalities in light of new technologies applied to vaccination and new vaccine programmes (eg, human papillomavirus in adolescents).

Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, ASSIA, The Campbell Collaboration, CINAHL, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Eppi Centre, Eric and PsychINFO for intervention, cohort or ecological studies conducted at primary/community care level in children and young people from birth to 19 years in OECD countries, with vaccine uptake or coverage as outcomes, published between 2008 and 2015.

Appraising the quality of sub-Saharan African cancer registration systems that contributed to GLOBOCAN 2008: a review of the literature and critical appraisal.

Objective: To critically appraise the quality of sub-Saharan African cancer registration systems that submitted data to GLOBOCAN 2008 with respect to population coverage using publicly available information and to show the use of GLOBOCAN statistics in determining global health priorities.

Design: Sources of cancer registration data for twenty-six sub-Saharan African cancer registries were identified from GLOBOCAN 2008 factsheets. Additional information was extracted from International Agency for Research on Cancer publications.