Safety and immunogenicity of the invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS)-GMMA vaccine: a first-in-human, randomised, dose escalation trial.

Background: Invasive non-typhoid Salmonella (iNTS) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. We assess the safety and immunogenicity of an outer membrane vesicle vaccine (iNTS-GMMA) derived from the two most common serovars, S. Enteritidis (SEn) and S.

Vaccine Study in Oxford (SALVO) trial: protocol for an observer-participant blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of the iNTS-GMMA vaccine within a European cohort.

Introduction: Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis (iNTS) is mainly caused by serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis and is estimated to result in 77 500 deaths per year, disproportionately affecting children under 5 years of age in sub-Saharan Africa. Invasive non-typhoidal serovars are increasingly acquiring resistance to first-line antibiotics, thus an effective vaccine would be a valuable tool in reducing morbidity and mortality from infection. While NTS livestock vaccines are in wide use, no licensed vaccines exist for use in humans.