Surgical periosteal resection changes bone geometry and strength in New Zealand white rabbits.

Multiple pediatric neuromuscular conditions can result in thin and gracile long bone formation with increased risk of pathologic fracture. Following previous observations, we sought to characterize structural changes after periosteal resection to determine its potential as a novel strategy to increase bone diameter and strength as an adjunct to prevent pathologic fractures. Fifty-three 7-wk-old New Zealand white rabbits underwent unilateral proximal tibial periosteal resection.

Transgenerational Epigenetic and Phenotypic Inheritance Across Five Generations in Sheep.

Despite two extensive reprogramming events during early embryogenesis and gametogenesis, epigenetic information can be passed to the next generations, which constitutes the transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of phenotypes. Considering its utmost importance, there have been few studies focused on the transgenerational effects of dietary interventions, such as methionine supplementation, in livestock. Using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing, we implemented a single-base resolution differential methylation analysis for the F3 and F4 descendants of control vs.

Accurate measurement of a bone surrogate flexural rigidity in three- and four-point bending.

The mechanical assessment of long bones through bending is an established preclinical approach to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for osteoporosis and fractures. Three- and four-point bending (3PB and 4PB) tests are the most common methods for mechanical characterization of long bones with Euler-Bernoulli (EB) theory to calculate of bone flexural rigidity (EI). Previous studies demonstrated that EB theory underestimates the EI of long bones due to its reliance on assumptions that are not entirely applicable to long bones.

Vitamin D Maintains Growth and Bone Mineral Density against a Background of Severe Vitamin A Deficiency and Moderate Toxicity in a Swine Model.

Excessive vitamin A (VA) negatively impacts bone. Interactions between VA and vitamin D (VD) in bone health are not well-understood. This study used a traditional two-by-two factorial design.

Repeated High-Dose Vitamin A Supplements, Standard of Care for Treating Xerophthalmia, Leads to Hypervitaminosis A in Piglets.

Background: Vitamin A (VA) deficiency and excess negatively affect development, growth, and bone health. The World Health Organization's standard of care for xerophthalmia due to VA deficiency, is 3 high-dose VA supplements of 50,000-200,000 IU, based on age, which may cause hypervitaminosis A in some individuals.

Objectives: This study measured VA status following 3 VA doses in 2 piglet studies.

Correction: The Swine Plasma Metabolome Chronicles "Many Days" Biological Timing and Functions Linked to Growth.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Effect of mineral diets on the development of cartilage material properties.

Vitamin D and minerals, including zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn), are vital in the development of bones, but their roles in the development of articular cartilage material behavior are not well understood. In this study, articular cartilage material properties from a hypovitaminosis D porcine model were evaluated. Pigs were produced by sows fed vitamin D deficient diets during gestation and lactation, and the offspring were subsequently fed vitamin D deficient diets for 3 weeks during the nursery period.

Effects of dietary sulfur amino acid levels on growth performance and intestinal immunity in broilers vaccinated and subsequently infected with coccidiosis.

Coccidia vaccination is a common practice in the poultry industry. However, research is lacking regarding the optimal nutritional support for coccidia vaccinated broilers. In this study, broilers were vaccinated with coccidia oocyst at hatch and were fed with a common starter diet from 1 to 10 d.

A simple daily dynamic feeding regimen for reducing phosphorus consumption and excretion in laying hens.

Phosphorus metabolism in laying hens is a highly dynamic process over the course of the 24 h egg-laying cycle. Adjusting the phosphorus feeding regimen according to the daily egg-laying cycle may help to improve phosphorus utilization efficiency. Hy-Line Brown layers ( = 120; 70 wk old) were offered 4 different phosphorus daily regimens: (1) RR, fed regular phosphorus at both 09:00 and 17:00; (2) RL, fed regular phosphorus at 09:00 and low phosphorus at 17:00; (3) LR, fed low phosphorus at 09:00 and regular phosphorus at 17:00; (4) LL, fed low phosphorus at both 09:00 and 17:00.

Vitamin D deficiency and anatomical region alters porcine growth plate properties.

Ossification of growth plate cartilage mediates longitudinal extension of long bones. Biomechanical and biochemical disruptions of growth plate function may lead to abnormal bone growth. In humans and animals, severe dietary vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets which features growth plate widening, resulting in abnormalities in growth.

Dietary supplementation of sulfur amino acids improves intestinal immunity to in broilers treated with anti-interleukin-10 antibody.

Oral antibody to interleukin-10 (anti-IL-10) enhances the intestinal immune defense against . The sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine (M+C) play essential roles in inducing and maintaining protective immune responses during intestinal infections. Hence, increased dietary M+C may support the anti-IL-10-induced intestinal immunity to .

Evaluation of calcium to phosphorus ratio in spot urine samples as a practical method to monitor phosphorus intake adequacy in sows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of using Ca to P ratio measured in spot urine samples to assess P intake adequacy in gestating and lactating sows. A total of 36 sows were fed one of six concentrations of dietary total P (0.40%, 0.

Estimation of phosphorus requirements of sows based on 24-h urinary phosphorus excretion during gestation and lactation.

Phosphorus requirements of reproducing sows were estimated using 24-h urinary P excretion. Thirty-six multiparous sows were fed one of six maize-soybean meal-based diets with total P ranging from 0·40 to 0·80 % in 0·08 % increments with a constant Ca:total P ratio (1·25:1). Diets were fed from day 7·5 ± 1 after breeding until the end of lactation (day 26 ± 1).

Effects of dietary methionine plus cysteine levels on growth performance and intestinal antibody production in broilers during Eimeria challenge.

Research has shown that methionine+ cysteine (M+C) requirements may be higher when chickens are infected with Eimeria app. In a 4 × 2 factorial design, broilers (11 to 21 D) were fed one of 4 corn-soybean meal-based diets containing either 0.6, 0.

Alleged predisposing dietary factors fail to increase the incidence of osteochondrosis-like lesions in growing pigs at 14 and 24 wk of age.

Early lesions of osteochondrosis (OC) are exhibited by regions of cartilage retention along the growth plate and articular cartilage. Progression of OC lesions may impair locomotion and necessitate euthanasia in adherence to animal welfare guides. Little is known about the role of nutrition in the initiation and early stages of OC.

Impact of dietary vitamin D3 supplements in nursery diets on subsequent growth and bone responses of pigs during an immune challenge.

Limited evidence is available to validate beneficial responses from extra nutrient supplements for mediation of growth suppression that results from immune challenges. Extrarenal roles of vitamin D metabolites in immune function implicate vitamin D3 supplements as a nutrient for potential beneficial effects. The current objective was to assess growth and bone ash responses to dietary vitamin D3 (D) supplements for growing pigs undergoing an immune challenge.

Presence of lipid oxidation products in swine diet lowers pork quality and stability during storage.

Studies examining the effects of feeding lipid oxidation products (LOPs) to pigs on pork quality and storage stability have mostly focused on refrigerated storage and produced mixed results. We investigated the effects of adding yellow grease, containing commercially relevant levels of LOPs, to swine diets on quality and storage stability of ground salted pork. Twenty-four domestic pigs were divided into three study groups and fed the following diet regimens for five months: (1) Standard Diet (STD), (2) STD + yellow grease (YG, high LOPs), or (3) STD + corn oil (CO, negligible LOPs).

Effect of anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 antibodies on phosphorus metabolism in laying hens and their progeny chicks.

Targeting fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) signaling pathway is of interest in controlling body phosphate metabolism. This study investigated the effect of anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1, major FGF-23 receptor in the kidney) antibodies on phosphate metabolism. White Leghorn laying hens (65-wk-old) were vaccinated with either a FGFR1 peptide vaccine (five 8-amino-acid peptides were selected, CrZ-1:LPEDPRWE, CrZ-2:LDKDKPNR, CrZ-3:RRPPGMEY, CrZ-4:GSPYPGVP, and CrZ-5:RMDKPSNC) or adjuvant control.

Gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in femur and vertebra tissues of the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model.

The hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig provides a reliable model to study the initiation of bone lesions caused by maternal vitamin D (D) deficiencies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP; specifically, MMP9 and MMP13) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important in endochondral ossification and are potentially regulated by D. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is interrelated with D homoeostasis and bone mineralisation.

Maternal Diets Deficient in Vitamin D Increase the Risk of Kyphosis in Offspring: A Novel Kyphotic Porcine Model.

Background: The purpose of this study was to explore the role of perinatal vitamin-D intake on the development and characterization of hyperkyphosis in a porcine model.

Methods: The spines of 16 pigs were assessed at 9, 13, and 17 weeks of age with radiography and at 17 weeks with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, and bone-density testing. An additional 169 pigs exposed to 1 of 3 maternal dietary vitamin-D levels from conception through the entire lactation period were fed 1 of 4 nursery diets supplying different levels of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus.

Effect of Caloric Restriction on Metabolic Dysfunction of Young Rapacz Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine ().

The Rapacz familial hypercholesterolemic (FH) swine model is well-characterized and used for studies of both spontaneous and inducible atherosclerosis but has not been used for studies of metabolic dysfunction to date. We examined whether parameters of metabolic syndrome including weight and adiposity, serum cholesterol, and glucoregulatory function could be modulated by restriction of caloric intake in the FH swine. Three groups of FH swine (n = 6 per group) were fed without restriction (AL), 80% of AL caloric intake, or 60% of AL caloric intake for 8.

Serum and tissue 25-OH vitamin D3 concentrations do not predict bone abnormalities and molecular markers of vitamin D metabolism in the hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig model.

The hypovitaminosis D kyphotic pig provides a model to study maternal vitamin D (D) carryover on gross and molecular characteristics of bone abnormalities in offspring. Excess maternal D is proposed to protect offspring under nutritional challenges from developing bone abnormalities. Relationships between D sufficiency parameters and bone abnormalities were characterised.